Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME 1
Appendix 1 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 1
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THEPRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3
Appendix 2 PHRASALVERBS 4
Appendix 3 GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS 6
1-3 SPELLING:FINAL -S vs.ES 8
Appendix 4 BASIC VOCABULARY LIST 8
1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS 9
1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 12
Appendix 5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH 15
INDEX 17
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:THE SIMPLE PAST 18
Chapter 2 PASTTIME 18
2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST 19
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB 21
2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS:A REFERENCE LIST 22
2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS 29
2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 32
2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 32
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:USING TIME CLAUSES 37
2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT:USED TO 42
2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:IN,AT,AND ON 45
3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME:BE GOING TO AND WILL 47
Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME 47
3-2 FORMS WITH WILL 49
3-3 USING PROBABLY WITH WILL 50
3-4 BE GOING TO vs.WILL 51
3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES 53
3-6 PARALLEL VERBS 58
3-7 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME 61
3-8 USIN？ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME 63
3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:USING INTEND,PLAN,HOPE 64
3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE:USING BEABOUT TO 65
Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 67
4-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS 68
4-2 SUBJECTS,VERBS,AND OBJECTS 70
4-3 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS 71
4-4 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS 72
4-5 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES 73
4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS:SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 76
4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 77
4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 79
4-9 A FRIEND OF POSSESSIVE 80
4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 81
4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER:ANOTHER vs.THE OTHER 84
4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER:OTHER(S) vs.THEOTHER(S) 86
4-13 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER 88
4-14 CAPITALIZATION 91
5-1 THE FORMOF MODAL AUXILIARIES 94
Chapter 5 MODAL AUXIUARIES 94
5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY:CAN AND COULD 95
5-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY:MAYAND MIGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION:MAY AND CAN 98
5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY 100
5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION:MAY I,COULD I,CAN I 100
5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE:WOULD YOU,COULD YOU,WILL YOU,CAN YOU 102
5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE:SHOULD,OUGHT TO,HAD BETTER 105
5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY:HAVE TO,HAVE GOT TO,MUST 108
5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY:DO NOTHAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION:MUST NOT 109
5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS:MUST 112
5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS:IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 114
5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS:LET'S AND WHYDON'T 116
5-13 STATING PREFERENCES:PREFER,LIKE BETTER,WOULD RATHER 119
Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS 124
6-1 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS 124
6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS 128
6-3 USING WHO,WHO(M),AND WHAT 132
6-4 USING WHAT A FORM OF DO 135
6-5 USING WHAT KIND OF 137
6-6 USING WHICH 139
6-7 USING WHOSE 141
6-8 USING HOW 144
6-9 USING HOW OFTEN8 145
6-10 USING HOW FAR 146
6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME:ITTAKE 147
6-12 USING HOWLONG 148
6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW 152
6-14 USING HOWABOUT AND WHATABOUT 154
6-15 TAG QUESTIONS 156
Chapter 7 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT 160
7-1 THE PAST PARTICIPLE 160
7-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 161
7-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 162
7-4 USING THE SIMPLE PAST vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT 164
7-5 USING SINCE AND POR 171
7-6 THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 176
7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 177
7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS 181
7-9 USING ALREADY,YET,STILL,AND ANYMORE 184
7-10 USING THE PAST PERFECT 189
Chapter 8 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES 193
8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS 193
8-2 NONCOUNT NOUNS 194
8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS 198
8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT 202
8-5 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 204
8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE 206
8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS 216
8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS:SOME,ANY,AND ONE 217
Chapter 9 CONNECTING IDEAS 221
9-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND 222
9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR 224
9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO 226
9-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND 228
9-5 USING ANDTOO,SO,EITHER,NEITHER 230
9-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE 234
9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH/ALTHOUGH 237
9-8 PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 241
9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) 243
Chapter 1O GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES 246
10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:INTRODUCTION 246
10-2 VERBGERUND 247
10-3 GO-ING 250
10-4 VERBINFINITIVE 251
10-5 VERBGERUND OR INFINITIVE 253
10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINITIVES 259
10-7 PREPOSITIONGERUND 260
10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE 262
10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS:USING ITINFINITIVE 264
10-10 ITINFINITIVE:USING FOR (SOMEONE) 266
10-11 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE:USING IN ORDER TO 267
10-12 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH 270
10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 273
11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES 276
Chapter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES 276
11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS 277
11-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 282
11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE" 283
11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE 288
11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES 289
11-7 SUMMARY:PASSIVE VERB FORMS 290
11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES(STATIVE PASSIVE) 294
11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES-ED vs.-ING 298
11-10 GETADJECTIVE;GETPAST PARTICIPLE 301
11-11 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO 305
11-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO 307
Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 309
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION 309
12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 310
12-3 USING WHO,WHOM,AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 312
12-4 USING WHICH AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 313
12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 315
12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 316
12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 318
12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 323
12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) 325
Chapter 13 COMPARISONS 327
13-1 MAKING COMPARISONS WITHAS AS 328
13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 331
13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 332
13-4 USING COMPARATIVES 334
13-5 USING MORE WITH NOUNS 336
13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE 337
13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES 338
13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES 339
13-9 USING THE SAME,SIMILAR,DIFFERENT,LIKE,ALIKE 342
Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES 346
14-1 NOUN CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION 346
14-2 NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD 347
14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO,WHAT,WHOSEBE 348
14-4 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH IF OR WHETHER 352
14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT 357
14-6 SUBSTITUTING SO FOR A"THAT-CLAUSE"IN CONVERSATIONAL RESPONSES 359
14-7 OTHER USES OF"THAT-CLAUSES" 361
Chapter 15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH 364
15-1 QUOTED SPEECH 364
15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs.REPORTED SPEECH 366
15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH:FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES 367
15-4 USING SAY vs.TELL 368
15-5 USING ASK IF 369
15-6 USING VERB INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH 375
15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS:ADVISE,SUGGEST,AND RECOMMEND 378
16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE 381
Chapter 16 USING WISH:USING IF 381
16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST 384
16-3 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 389
16-4 USING IF:TRUE vs.CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 392
16-5 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST 394
16-6 SUMMARY:VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES) 395