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1 TRADITIONAL DEFINTIONS OF RHETORIC 1

PREFACE 1

1．1 Rhetoric as the Art of Oratory 2

1．1．1 Historical Needs for Public Speaking 2

1．1．2 First Rhetoricians 3

1．1．3 The Discipline of Rhetoric 4

1．3．1 Historical Needs for the Art of Style 6

1．1．4 The Beginning of the Humanistic Tradition of Rhetoric 6

1．1．5 The Five-Fold Rhetorical Process 7

1．1．6 Diverse Descriptions of Rhetoric 8

1．1．7 Development of the Art of Oratory 11

1．2 Rhetoric as the Art of Writing 13

1．2．1 Historical Needs for the Art of Writing 13

1．2．2 Development of the Art of Writing 14

1．3 Rhetoric as the Art of Style 16

1．3．2 Development of the Art of Style 17

2 THE CLASSICAL TRADITION OF RHETORIC 23

2．1 Social Need for Classical Rhetoric 24

2．2 First Rhetoricians and the First Rhetoric-School 24

2．3 The Influence of Classical Rhetoric 26

2．4 Outline of Classical Rhetoric 27

2．4．1 The Three Kinds of Oratory 27

2．4．2 The Stages of Composition 28

2．4．3 The Parts of a Speech 34

2．4．4 The Three Styles 38

2．5 The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric 40

2．5．1 Classical Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 40

2．5．1．1 The Art of Rhetoric 41

2．5．1．2 The Art of Letter Writing 41

2．5．1．3 The Art of Preaching 42

2．5．2 Classical Rhetoric in the Renaissance 43

2．5．2．1 The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric 44

2．5．2．2 The Ciceronian Stylistic Rhetoric 44

2．5．3 Neo-Classical Rhetorics 45

2．5．4 Classical Rhetoric in the Nineteenth Century 46

2．5．5 Revival of Classical Rhetoric 47

2．5．5．1 The First Revival of Classical Rhetoric in America 47

2．5．5．2 The Second Revival of Classical Rhetoric in America 48

3 TRADITIONAL RHETORIC IN ENGLAND 53

3．1 Sixteenth-Century English Rhetoric 54

3．1．1 The First English Rhetoric 54

3．1．2 The Second English Rhetoric 54

3．1．3 The First Popular English Rhetoric 55

3．1．4 Ciceronian Model:Governing Ideal of Early Renaissance Rhetoric 55

3．1．5 Some Representative English Rhetorics 56

3．1．6 Ramist Influence 57

3．2 Seventeenth-Century English Rhetoric 58

3．2．1 Logic and Rhetoric 60

3．2．2 Development of a Simple,Utilitarian Style 61

3．3 Eighteenth-Century English Rhetoric 67

3．3．1 Eighteenth-Century Epistemology and Philosophy 69

3．3．2 Neo-Classical English Rhetorics 72

3．3．3 The Old Rhetoric:Logics and Stylistic Rhetorics 73

3．3．4 The Elocution Movement 75

3．3．5 Belletristic Rhetoric 77

4 TRADITIONAL RHETORIC IN AMERICA 89

4．1．1 New Source fo Rhetorical Invention 90

4．1 New Beginnings 90

4．1．2 The Strongest Stimulus for an Authentic American Discourse 91

4．2 Speech Communication Studies 98

4．2．1 American Speechmaking 98

4．2．2 Speech Department 102

4．3 Composition-Rhetoric 103

4．3．1 Emphasis Change in Rhetoric 103

4．3．2 Composition-Rhetoric:Multimodality 105

4．3．3 Main Trends in the Developing Composition-Rhetoric 111

4．3．4 Invention of First-Year College Writing 116

5 THEORY CONSTRUCTION OF CONTEMPORARY RHETORIC 121

5．1．1．1 Wayne E.Brockriede s Idea of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric 124

5．1 Rhetoric or Rhetorics 124

5．1．1 Monistic Rhetorical Theory 124

5．1．1．2 Wayne E.Brockriede s Reasons for Revising the Aristotelian Approach 125

5．1．1．3 Qualities of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric 126

5．1．1．4 Values of a Contemporary Theory of Rhetoric 127

5．1．2 Pluralistic Rhetorical Theory 127

5．1．2．1 Douglas Ehninger on Systems of Rhetoric 128

5．2 Substitute of Supplement 137

5．2．1 Wayne N.Thompson 137

5．2．2 Herbert W.Simons 141

5．2．2．1 Simons Description of New Rhetoric 142

5．2．2．2 Simons on Normative Orientation 145

5．2．2．3 Simons Definition of New Rhetoric 148

5．2．2．4 Simons Typology of Rhetorical Goals 148

5．2．3 Richard Ohmann 150

5．2．3．1 Ohmann on the Definitions of Rhetoric 150

5．2．3．2 Relationships of Current Theories to Older Ones 151

5．3 Theory of Rhetoric or Philosophy of Rhetoric 153

5．3．1 Otis M.Walter on Philosophy of Rhetoric 154

5．3．1．1 Philosophy of Rhetoric:Foundation of Theory of Rhetoric 155

5．3．1．2 Significance of the Foundation of Theory of Rhetoric 156

5．3．2 Daniel Fogarty on Philosophy of Rhetoric 157

5．3．3 Maurice Natason on Philosophy of Rhetoric 158

6 PROBES OF CONTEMPORARY RHETORICAL THEORY 161

6．1 Rhetoric:Functions and Scope 162

6．1．1 Confusion in Meaning of Rhetoric 162

6．1．2 Rhetoric:Functions 163

6．1．3 Rhetoric:Scope 165

6．2 Rhetorical Context 166

6．2．1 Lloyd F.Bitzer on Rhetorical Situation 167

6．2．2 Lloyd F.Bitzer on the Nature of a Rhetorical Situation 168

6．2．3 Lloyd F.Bitzer on the Characteristics of a Rhetorical Situation 170

6．3 Nature and Significance of Metaphor in Rhetorical Process 175

6．3．1．1 Richards Definition of Metaphor 176

6．3．1 IA Richards on the Nature of Metaphor 176

6．3．1．2 Richards Description of Metaphor 177

6．3．1．3 On the Nature of Metaphor 177

6．3．2 I.A.Richards on the Significance of Metaphor 178

6．4 Toward an Axiology of Rhetoric 179

6．4．1 Ralph T.Eubanks and Virgil Baker on Axiology 180

6．4．2 The Determinants for a Rhetoric of Values 181

6．4．3 Value Typology 184

7 NEW RHETORIC 191

7．1 Toward a New Rhetoric 192

7．1．1 Nature of the New Rhetoric 195

7．1．2 Systematic Presentation of the New Rhetoric 197

7．2 I.A.Richards New Rhetoric 198

7．2．1 Richards Theory of Meaning 199

7．2．2 Richards Theory of Comprehending 204

7．3 Kenneth Burke s Rhetoric of Motives 210

7．3．1 Burke s Approach to Rhetoric 211

7．3．2 Burke s General Concept of Rhetoric 213

7．3．3 Burke s Dramatic Pentad 216

7．4 Richard M.Weaver s Rhetoric of Axilogy 219

7．4．1 Weaver s Background and Approach to Rhetoric 219

7．4．2 Weaver on the Nature,Function,and Scope of Rhetoric 221

7．5．1 Perelman s Rhetoric of Argumentation 224

7．5 Chaim Perelman s and Stephen Toulmin s Rhetorics of Argumentation 224

7．5．2 Toulmin s Rhetoric of Argumentation 227

7．5．2．1 Toulmin s Model of Argumentation 229

7．5．2．2 Features of the Toulmin Model 232

7．6 Marshal McLuhan s Rhetoric of Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems 233

7．6．1 The Rhetoric of Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems 234

7．6．2 McLuhan s Communication Theory 235

8 RHETORIC AND COMPOSITION STUDIES 243

8．1 General Description 244

8．2 Bibliographic Material 253

8．2．1 Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student 254

8．2．2 Linguistics,Stylistics,and the Teaching of Composition 255

8．2．3 The Writer s Options:College Sentence Combining 256

8．3 Some General Theories of Composition 260

8．3．1 Teaching the Universe of Discourse 261

8．3．2 The Development of Writing Abilities（11-18） 262

8．3．3 A Conceptual Theory of Rhetoric 263

8．3．4 A Theory of Discourse 269

8．4 Theories on Invention and Process 271

8．5 Approaches to Arrangement 271

8．6 Concerns with Student Dialect 272

8．7 Pedagogical Approaches 273

9 RHETORIC AND FIGURES OF SPEECH 277

9．1 Two Classification Systems of Figures of Speech 279

9．1．1 Corbett and Connors s System of Classification 279

9．1．2 Walter Nash s Classification System of Figures of Speech 282

9．1．2．1 Nash s Rationale for Classifying Figures 282

9．1．2．2 Nash on Figures 286

9．1．2．3 Nash on Tropes and Modes 294

10 CONTEMPORARY RHETORIC:INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 309

10．1 Communication Theory,Hermeneutics,Pragmatics 310

10．2 Rhetoric and Informal Logic 313

10．3 Rhetoric and Literature 314

10．4 Rhetoric and Dialectic,Exploration,Epistemology 317

10．5 Rhetoric and Information Theory,Journalism,Technical Writing 319

10．6 Rhetoric and Commercial Advertising 322

10．7 Rhetoric and Mass Media 322

10．8 Rhetoric and Semiotics 324

11 RHETORICAL CRITICISM 329

11．1 Traditional Approach 330

11．1．1 Definition and Purposes 330

11．1．1．1 Definition 330

11．1．1．2 Purposes 330

11．1．2 The Process 330

11．1．3．1 The First stage of Criticism:Descriptive Analysis 331

11．1．3 Three Stages 331

11．1．3．2 The Second Stage of Criticism:Historical-Contextual Analysis 337

11．1．3．3 The Third Stage of Criticism:Interpretative Analysis 340

11．1．4 Samples 342

11．2 Nontraditional Approaches 354

11．2．1 Introduction 354

11．2．2 Sample 355

11．3 Systems of Rhetorical Criticism 356

11．3．1 System I:Traditional Rationalism 356

11．3．2 System II:Psychological Criticism 361

11．3．3 System III:Dramatistic Criticism 365

WORKS CITED AND CONSULTED 373