化工热力学导论 第6版 英文PDF电子书下载

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics 1

1.2 Dimensions and Units 2

1.3 Measures of Amount or Size 2

1.4 Force 3

1.5 Temperature 5

1.6 Pressure 6

1.7 Work 9

1.8 Energy 10

1.9 Heat 15

2 THE FIRST LAW AND OTHER BASIC CONCEPTS 20

2.1 Joule's Experiments 20

2.2 Internal Energy 20

2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 21

2.4 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 22

2.5 Thermodynamic State and State Functions 25

2.6 Equilibrium 28

2.7 The Phase Rule 29

2.8 The Reversible Process 31

2.9 Constant-V and Constant-P Processes 37

2.10 Enthalpy 38

2.11 Heat Capacity 40

2.12 Mass and Energy Balances for Open Systems 44

3 VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS 62

3.1 PVT Behavior ofPure Substances 62

3.2 Virial Equations of State 68

3.3 The Ideal Gas 71

3.4 Application ofthe Virial Equations 87

3.5 Cubic Equations of State 91

3.6 Generalized Correlations for Gases 100

3.7 Generalized Correlations for Liquids 108

4 HEAT EFFECTS 122

4.1 Sensible Heat Effects 122

4.2 Latent Heats of Pure Substances 129

4.3 Standard Heat of Reaction 132

4.4 Standard Heat of Formation 133

4.5 Standard Heat of Combustion 136

4.6 Temperature Dependence of △H° 137

4.7 Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions 140

5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 155

5.1 Statements of the Second Law 156

5.2 Heat Engines 157

5.3 Thermodynamic Temperature Scales 159

5.4 Entropy 163

5.5 Entropy Changes of an Ideal Gas 166

5.6 Mathematical Statement of the Second Law 169

5.7 Entropy Balance for Open Systems 172

5.8 Calculation of Ideal Work 177

5.9 Lost Work 181

5.10 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 185

5.11 Entropy from the Microscopic Viewpoint 185

6.1 Property Relations for Homogeneous Phases 195

6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 195

6.2 Residual Properties 205

6.3 Residual Properties by Equations of State 211

6.4 Two-Phase Systems 217

6.5 Thermodynamic Diagrams 220

6.6 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 221

6.7 Generalized Property Correlations for Gases 225

7 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO FLOW PROCESSES 247

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 248

7.2 Turbines(Expanders) 262

7.3 Compression Processes 267

8 PRODUCTION OF POWER FROM HEAT 283

8.1 The Steam Power Plant 284

8.2 Internal-Combustion Engines 295

8.3 Jet Engines;Rocket Engines 303

9 REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION 309

9.1 The Carnot Refrigerator 309

9.2 The Vapor-Compression Cycle 310

9.3 The Choice of Refrigerant 313

9.4 Absorption Refrigeration 316

9.5 The Heat Pump 318

9.6 Liquefaction Processes 319

10 VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM:INTRODUCTION 329

10.1 The Nature of Equilibrium 329

10.2 The Phase Rule.Duhem's Theorem 330

10.3 VLE:Qualitative Behavior 332

10.4 Simple Models for Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium 338

10.5 VLE by Modified Raoult's Law 349

10.6 VLE from K-Value Correlations 354

11 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS:THEORY 368

11.1 Fundamental Property Relation 369

11.2 The Chemical Potential and Phase Equilibria 370

11.3 Partial Properties 371

11.4 Ideal-Gas Mixtures 381

11.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient:Pure Species 384

11.6 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient:Species in Solution 390

11.7 Generalized Correlations for the Fugacity Coefficient 396

11.8 The Ideal Solution 400

11.9 Excess Properties 402

12 SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS:APPLICATIONS 416

12.1 Liquid-Phase Properties from VLE Data 416

12.2 Models for the Excess Gibbs Energy 432

12.3 Property Changes of Mixing 435

12.4 Heat Effects of Mixing Processes 442

13 CHEMICAL-REACTION EQUILIBRIA 467

13.1 The Reaction Coordinate 468

13.2 Application of Equilibrium Criteria to Chemical Reactions 472

13.3 The Standard Gibbs-Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant 473

13.4 Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant 476

13.5 Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants 480

13.6 Relation of Equilibrium Constants to Composition 482

13.7 Equilibrium Conversions for Single Reactions 486

13.8 Phase Rule and Duhem's Theorem for Reacting Systems 498

13.9 Multireaction Equilibria 502

13.10 Fuel Cells 513

14 TOPICS IN PHASE EQUILIBRIA 526

14.1 The Gamma/Phi Formulation of VLE 526

14.2 VLE from Cubic Equations of State 538

14.3 Equilibrium and Stability 554

14.4 Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(LLE) 560

14.5 Vapor/Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium(VLLE) 569

14.6 Solid/Liquid Equilibrium (SLE) 576

14.7 Solid/Vapor Equilibrium(SVE) 581

14.8 Equilibrium Adsorption of Gases on Solids 585

14.9 Osmotic Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure 600

15 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES 611

15.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Steady-State Flow Processes 611

16 INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMICS 622

16.1 Molecular Theory of Fluids 622

16.2 Second Virial Coefficients from Potential Functions 629

16.3 Internal Energy of Ideal Gases:Microscopic View 632

16.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Statistical Mechanics 635

16.5 Hydrogen Bonding and Charge-Transfer Complexing 637

16.6 Behavior of Excess Properties 640

16.7 Molecular Basis for Mixture Behavior 644

16.8 VLE by Molecular Simulation 647

A Conversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant 651

B Properties of Pure Species 653

C Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation 656

D Representative Computer Programs 661

D.1 Defined Functions 661

D.2 Solution of Example Problems by Mathcad？ 664

E The Lee/Kesler Generalized-correlation Tables 667

F Steam Tables 684

F.1 Interpolation 684

G Thermodynamic Diagrams 760

H UNIFAC Method 763

I Newton's Method 770

Author Index 775

Subject Index 779