侵权法 第2版PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is a tort? 1

1.2 The classification of torts 3

1.3 The organisation of this book 4

Preface 7

Table of Cases 8

Part Ⅰ THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE 9

2 Negligence:introduction 9

2.1 Origins 9

2.2 The elements of the tort of negligence 10

2.3 Negligence:a developing tort 11

2.4 The objectives of negligence law 13

Summary 16

Exercises 16

3 The duty of care concept 17

3.1 The nature of the duty of care concept 17

3.2 Testing the existence of a duty of care 18

3.3 Caparo and the retreat from Anns 19

Table of Statutes 20

3.4 Foreseeability 21

3.5 Proximity 23

3.6 Fairness,justice and reasonableness 25

Summary 29

Exercises 29

4.1 What is nervous shock? 30

4 Nervous shock 30

4.2 Competing judicial approaches 31

4.3 Personal exposure to the risk of physical harm 33

4.4 Witnesses 35

4.5 Other categories of claimant 39

4.6 Liability for stress 42

4.7 Reform 43

Summary 45

Exercises 46

5 Economic loss 47

5.1 What is pure economic loss ? 47

5.2 Defective product economic loss 48

5.3 Exceptional liability for pure economic loss 53

5.4 Direct assumption of responsibility 56

5.5 Indirect reliance 62

5.6 Indirect loss without reliance 65

5.7 Hedley Byrne and the contract-tort boundary 68

Summary 71

Exercises 72

6 Omissions 73

6.1 Introduction 73

6.2 Voluntary assumption of responsibility 74

6.3 Protection of the vulnerable 75

6.4 Acts of third parties and relationships of control 75

6.5 Creation of a source of danger 77

6.6 Owners and occupiers of land 78

6.7 Statutory powers and duties 80

Exercises 83

Summary 83

7 Special duty problems:particular parties 84

7.1 Rescuers 84

7.2 The unborn child 86

7.3 Public bodies 88

7.4 The police 93

7.5 The legal profession 95

Summary 96

Exercises 97

8 Breach of the duty of care 98

8.1 Introduction 98

8.2 The objective standard of care 98

8.3 Application of the objective standard 100

8.4 Common practice 102

8.5 Proof of negligence 103

Summary 105

Exercises 105

9 Causation 107

9.1 Causation in fact and the but for test 107

9.2 Multiple causation 109

9.3 Proof of causation in fact 112

9.4 Legal causation 115

Summary 119

Exercises 119

10 Remoteness of damage 121

10.1 The Wagon Mound test of remoteness 121

10.2 The concept of foreseeability examined 122

10.3 The type of loss requirement 123

10.4 The thin skull rule 125

10.5 Impecuniosity 126

Summary 126

Exercises 127

11 Defences 128

11.1 Voluntary assumption of risk:introduction 128

11.2 Voluntary assumption of risk:waivers of liability 130

11.3 Volenti non fit iniuria 131

11.4 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 135

11.5 Contributory negligence 137

11.6 Illegality 138

Summary 141

Exercises 142

Part Ⅱ INTERFERENCE WITH THE PERSON AND PERSONAL PROPERTY 145

12 Interference with the person and personal property 145

12.1 Overview 145

12.2 Fault-based and strict liability 146

12.3 Compensation for personal injuries 147

12.4 The mixed system of accident compensation 148

12.5 The Pearson Commission proposals 150

12.6 Comprehensive compensation schemes 152

Summary 153

Exercises 154

13 Occupiers liability 155

13.1 Introduction 155

13.2 Scope of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 155

13.3 Who is an occupier? 156

13.4 Who is a visitor? 157

13.5 The common duty of care 160

13.6 Defences 163

13.7 Liability of trespassers 164

13.8 The Occupiers Liability Act 1984 164

Summary 167

Exercises 168

14 Product liability 169

14.1 Product liability at common law 169

14.2 Reform:the Consumer Protection Act 1987 170

14.3 Meaning of product 171

14.4 Meaning of defect 172

14.5 Who can be liable under the Act? 174

14.6 Who can recover under the Act? 175

14.7 Defences 176

Summary 179

Exercises 179

15 Breach of statutory duty 180

15.1 Introduction 180

15.2 Inferring the existence of the tort 181

15.3 Ascertaining Parliament s intention 183

15.4 Elements of the tort 190

15.5 Reform 191

Summary 192

Exercises 193

16.2 Trespass and negligence 194

16.1 Introduction 194

16 Trespass to the person 194

16.3 Assault and battery 196

16.4 False imprisonment 201

16.5 Intentional infliction of physical harm other than trespass to the person:Wilkinson v.Downton 204

16.6 Damages 206

16.7 Defences to trespass to the person 206

Summary 213

Exercises 213

Part Ⅲ INTERFERENCE WITH LAND 219

17 Interference with land:introduction 219

17.1 Property,tort and crime 219

17.2 Trespass,nuisance and negligence 220

Summary 221

18 Private nuisance 222

18.1 The nature of private nuisance 222

18.2 Protected rights and interests 222

18.3 Unlawful interference 225

18.4 Who can sue? 232

18.5 Who can be liable? 233

18.6 Defences 235

18.7 Nuisances on or adjacent to the highway 237

18.8 The relationship between nuisance and negligence 238

Summary 240

Exercises 241

19 The rule in Rylands v.Fletcher 242

19.1 Introduction 242

19.2 Non-natural use of land 243

19.3 Escape 244

19.4 Remoteness of damage 244

19.5 Parties 245

19.6 Defences 246

19.7 Fire 247

Summary 248

Exercises 248

Part Ⅳ INTERFERENCE WITH REPUTATION 251

20 Defamation 251

20.1 Interference with personality generally 251

20.2 The law of defamation 255

20.3 The statement must be defamatory 255

20.4 The statement must be published to a third person 259

20.5 Reference to the plaintiff 261

20.6 Damage:the distinction between libel and slander 263

20.7 Defences 264

20.8 Damages 278

Summary 279

Exercises 280

Part Ⅴ GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TORTIOUS LIABILITY 285

21 Vicarious liability and joint torts 285

21.1 Introduction 285

21.2 Justifications for vicarious liability 286

21.3 Master and servant relationship 286

21.4 The course of employment 288

21.5 Liability for independent contractors 291

21.6 Joint and several liability:the distinction between joint,several concurrent and separate tortfeasors 293

21.7 Contribution between tortfeasors 294

Summary 296

Exercises 297

22 Remedies 298

22.1 The indemnity principle 298

22.2 Contemptuous,nominal,aggravated and exemplary damages 298

22.3 Damages recoverable once only 306

22.4 Special and general damages 310

22.5 Damages for personal injuries 310

22.6 The assessment of an award of damages 311

22.7 Non-pecuniary loss 312

22.8 Pecuniary loss 315

22.10 Collateral benefits 327

22.9 Interest 327

22.11 Damages for death 329

22.12 The effect of death on existing causes of action:the Law Reform(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 1934 329

22.13 Claims by the deceased s dependants:the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 330

22.14 Assessment of damages for loss of dependency 332

22.15 Apportionment between dependants 335

22.16 Deductions in dependency cases 335

22.17 Property damage and economic loss 336

22.18 Injunctions 339

Summary 341

Exercises 342

Bibliography 345

Index 349