数据库系统概念 英文本PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Database System Applications 1

1.2 Database Systems versus File Systems 3

1.3 View of Data 5

1.4 Data Models 7

1.5 Database Languages 11

1.6 Database Users and Administrators 13

1.7 Transaction Management 15

1.8 Database System Structure 16

1.9 Application Architectures 18

1.10 History of Database Systems 18

1.11 Summary 21

Exercises 23

Bibliographical Notes 24

PART 1 DATA MODELS 27

Chapter 2 Entity-Relationship Model 27

2.1 Basic Concepts 27

2.2 Constraints 33

2.3 Keys 35

2.4 Design Issues 37

2.5 Entity-Relationship Diagram 42

2.6 Weak Entity Sets 47

2.7 Extended E-R Features 49

2.8 Design of an E-R Database Schema 56

2.9 Reduction of an E-R Schema to Tables 62

2.10 The Unified Modeling Language UML 68

2.11 Summary 70

Exercises 72

Bibliographical Notes 77

Chapter 3 Relational Model 79

3.1 Structure of Relational Databases 79

3.2 The Relational Algebra 89

3.3 Extended Relational-Algebra Operations 103

3.4 Modification of the Database 111

3.5 Views 113

3.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus 118

3.7 The Domain Relational Calculus 122

3.8 Summary 126

Exercises 127

Bibliographical Notes 131

PART 2 RELATIONAL DATABASES 135

Chapter 4 SQL 135

4.1 Background 135

4.2 Basic Structure 137

4.3 Set Operations 144

4.4 Aggregate Functions 146

4.5 Null Values 148

4.6 Nested Subqueries 149

4.7 Views 154

4.8 Complex Queries 155

4.9 Modification of the Database 157

4.10 Joined Relations 163

4.11 Data-Definition Language 168

4.12 Embedded SQL 172

4.13 Dynamic SQL 175

4.14 Other SQL Features 180

4.15 Summary 182

Exercises 183

Bibliographical Notes 186

Chapter 5 Other Relational Languages 189

5.1 Query-by-Example 189

5.2 Datalog 203

5.3 User Interfaces and Tools 217

5.4 Summary 219

Exercises 220

Bibliographical Notes 223

Chapter 6 Integrity and Security 225

6.1 Domain Constraints 225

6.2 Referential Integrity 227

6.3 Assertions 232

6.4 Triggers 233

6.5 Security and Authorization 238

6.6 Authorization in SQL 244

6.7 Encryption and Authentication 248

6.8 Summary 250

Exercises 252

Bibliographical Notes 254

Chapter 7 Relational-Database Design 257

7.1 First Normal Form 257

7.2 Pitfalls in Relational-Database Design 258

7.3 Functional Dependencies 260

7.4 Decomposition 271

7.5 Desirable Properties of Decomposition 275

7.6 Boyce-Codd Normal Form 279

7.7 Third Normal Form 284

7.8 Fourth Normal Form 289

7.9 More Normal Forms 293

7.10 Overall Database Design Process 293

7.11 Summary 297

Exercises 299

Bibliographical Notes 303

PART 3 OBJECT-BASED DATABASES AND XML 307

Chapter 8 Object-Oriented Databases 307

8.1 Need for Complex Data Types 307

8.2 The Object-Oriented Data Model 308

8.3 Object-Oriented Languages 318

8.4 Persistent Programming Languages 318

8.5 Persistent C＋＋ Systems 322

8.6 Persistent Java Systems 330

8.7 Summary 331

Exercises 332

Bibliographical Notes 333

Chapter 9 Object-Relational Databases 335

9.1 Nested Relations 335

9.2 Complex Types 337

9.3 Inheritance 342

9.4 Reference Types 346

9.5 Querying with Complex Types 348

9.6 Functions and Procedures 351

9.7 Object-Oriented versus Object-Relational 356

9.8 Summary 357

Exercises 358

Bibliographical Notes 360

Chapter 10 XML 361

10.1 Background 361

10.2 Structure of XML Data 364

10.3 XML Document Schema 367

10.4 Querying and Transformation 372

10.5 The Application Program Interface 380

10.6 Storage of XML Data 381

10.7 XML Applications 384

10.8 Summary 386

Exercises 388

Bibliographical Notes 390

PART 4 DATA STORAGE AND QUERYING 393

Chapter 11 Storage and File Structure 393

11.1 Overview of Physical Storage Media 393

11.2 Magnetic Disks 396

11.3 RAID 402

11.4 Tertiary Storage 410

11.5 Storage Access 412

11.6 File Organization 415

11.7 Organization of Records in Files 422

11.8 Data-Dictionary Storage 426

11.9 Storage for Object-Oriented Databases 428

11.10 Summary 438

Exercises 440

Bibliographical Notes 443

Chapter 12 Indexing and Hashing 445

12.1 Basic Concepts 445

12.2 Ordered Indices 446

12.3 B＋-Tree Index Files 453

12.4 B-Tree Index Files 464

12.5 Static Hashing 465

12.6 Dynamic Hashing 471

12.7 Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing 477

12.8 Index Definition in SQL 479

12.9 Multiple-Key Access 480

12.10 Summary 487

Exercises 489

Bibliographical Notes 491

Chapter 13 Query Processing 493

13.1 Overview 493

13.2 Measures of Query Cost 495

13.3 Selection Operation 496

13.4 Sorting 501

13.5 Join Operation 503

13.6 Other Operations 514

13.7 Evaluation of Expressions 518

13.8 Summary 523

Exercises 525

Bibliographical Notes 526

Chapter 14 Query Optimization 529

14.1 Overview 529

14.2 Estimating Statistics of Expression Results 531

14.3 Transformation of Relational Expressions 537

14.4 Choice of Evaluation Plans 544

14.5 Materialized Views 553

14.6 Summary 557

Exercises 559

Bibliographical Notes 561

PART 5 TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT 565

Chapter 15 Transactions 565

15.1 Transaction Concept 565

15.2 Transaction State 568

15.3 Implementation of Atomicity and Durability 571

15.4 Concurrent Executions 573

15.5 Serializability 576

15.6 Recoverability 582

15.7 Implementation of Isolation 583

15.8 Transaction Definition in SQL 584

15.9 Testing for Serializability 584

15.10 Summary 586

Exercises 588

Bibliographical Notes 590

Chapter 16 Concurrency Control 591

16.1 Lock-Based Protocols 591

16.2 Timestamp-Based Protocols 604

16.3 Validation-Based Protocols 607

16.4 Multiple Granularity 609

16.5 Multiversion Schemes 612

16.6 Deadlock Handling 615

16.7 Insert and Delete Operations 620

16.8 Weak Levels of Consistency 623

16.9 Concurrency in Index Structures 625

16.10 Summary 629

Exercises 632

Bibliographical Notes 636

Chapter 17 Recovery System 639

17.1 Failure Classification 639

17.2 Storage Structure 640

17.3 Recovery and Atomicity 644

17.4 Log-Based Recovery 645

17.5 Shadow Paging 653

17.6 Recovery with Concurrent Transactions 657

17.7 Buffer Management 660

17.8 Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage 663

17.9 Advanced Recovery Techniques 664

17.10 Remote Backup Systems 672

17.11 Summary 674

Exercises 677

Bibliographical Notes 679

PART 6 DATABASE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 683

Chapter 18 Database System Architectures 683

18.1 Centralized and Client-Server Architectures 683

18.2 Server System Architectures 687

18.3 Parallel Systems 691

18.4 Distributed Systems 697

18.5 Network Types 701

18.6 Summary 703

Exercises 705

Bibliographical Notes 707

Chapter 19 Distributed Databases 709

19.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Databases 709

19.2 Distributed Data Storage 710

19.3 Distributed Transactions 713

19.4 Commit Protocols 716

19.5 Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases 722

19.6 Availability 730

19.7 Distributed Query Processing 735

19.8 Heterogeneous Distributed Databases 738

19.9 Directory Systems 741

19.10 Summary 746

Exercises 749

Bibliographical Notes 752

Chapter 20 Parallel Databases 755

20.1 Introduction 755

20.2 I/O Parallelism 756

20.3 Interquery Parallelism 760

20.4 Intraquery Parallelism 761

20.5 Intraoperation Parallelism 762

20.6 Interoperation Parallelism 770

20.7 Design of Parallel Systems 772

20.8 Summary 773

Exercises 775

Bibliographical Notes 777

PART 7 OTHER TOPICS 781

Chapter 21 Application Development and Administration 781

21.1 Web Interfaces to Databases 781

21.2 Performance Tuning 790

21.3 Performance Benchmarks 798

21.4 Standardization 802

21.5 E-Commerce 806

21.6 Legacy Systems 809

21.7 Summary 810

Exercises 812

Bibliographical Notes 815

Chapter 22 Advanced Querying and Information Retrieval 817

22.1 Decision-Support Systems 817

22.2 Data Analysis and OLAP 819

22.3 Data Mining 830

22.4 Data Warehousing 842

22.5 Information-Retrieval Systems 846

22.6 Summary 856

Exercises 859

Bibliographical Notes 861

Chapter 23 Advanced Data Types and New Applications 863

23.1 Motivation 863

23.2 Time in Databases 864

23.3 Spatial and Geographic Data 866

23.4 Multimedia Databases 877

23.5 Mobility and Personal Databases 880

23.6 Summary 885

Exercises 887

Bibliographical Notes 889

Chapter 24 Advanced Transaction Processing 891

24.1 Transaction-Processing Monitors 891

24.2 Transactional Workflows 895

24.3 Main-Memory Databases 901

24.4 Real-Time Transaction Systems 903

24.5 Long-Duration Transactions 904

24.6 Transaction Management in Multidatabases 910

24.7 Summary 914

Exercises 916

Bibliographical Notes 917

PART 8 CASE STUDIES 921

Chapter 25 Oracle 921

25.1 Database Design and Querying Tools 921

25.2 SQL Variations and Extensions 923

25.3 Storage and Indexing 925

25.4 Query Processing and Optimization 934

25.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery 940

25.6 System Architecture 942

25.7 Replication，Distribution，and External Data 945

25.8 Database Administration Tools 946

Bibliographical Notes 947

Chapter 26 IBM DB2 Universal Database 950

26.1 Database Design and Querying Tools 950

26.2 SQL Variations and Extensions 951

26.3 Storage and Indexing 953

26.4 Query Processing and Optimization 956

26.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery 960

26.6 System Architecture 963

26.7 Replication，Distribution，and External Data 965

26.8 Database Administration Tools 965

26.9 Summary 967

Bibliographical Notes 967

Chapter 27 Microsoft SQL Server 969

27.1 Management，Design，and Querying Tools 969

27.2 SQL Variations and Extensions 975

27.3 Storage and Indexing 980

27.4 Query Processing and Optimization 982

27.5 Concurrency and Recovery 986

27.6 System Architecture 991

27.7 Data Access 992

27.8 Distribution and Replication 994

27.9 Full-Text Queries on Relational Data 998

27.10 Data Warehousing and Analysis Services 999

27.11 XML and Web Support 1002

27.12 Summary 1005

Bibliographical Notes 1005

Bibliography 1007

Index 1043