Introduction to University Physics Volume TwoPDF电子书下载

Part Two ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM，GEOMETRICAL AND PHYSICAL OPTICS 515

25 Electrostatics 517

25．1 Electrification and Electric Charges 517

25．2 Electrical Nature and Structure of Matter 518

25．3 Charging by Induction 521

25．4 Faraday＇s Ice Pail Experiment 522

25．5 Coulomb＇s Law of Force Between Electric Charges 524

25．6 Systems of Units 524

25．7 The Rationalized MKS System of Units 525

25．8 The Electric Field 527

25．9 Lines of Force 529

25．10 Gauss＇s Law 530

25．11 Applications of Gauss＇s Law 532

25．12 Electric Potential 535

25．13 Equipotential Surfaces 537

25．14 Caacitors and Capacitance 540

25．15 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor 541

25．16 Capacitor Combinations 544

25．17 Energy of a Charged Capacitor 545

Problems 553

26 Current Electricity 559

26．1 The Electric Current 559

26．2 Resistance and Ohm＇s Law 560

26．3 Current Density，Resistivity，and Conductivity 561

26．4 Dependence of Resistivity on Temperature 563

26．5 Potential Difference and Electromotive Force 564

26．6 Energy，Power，and Joule＇s Law 567

26．7 Combinations of Resistors 568

26．8 Circuits with More Than One Source of EMF 570

26．9 Kirchhoff＇s Laws for Electric Networks 571

26．10 Electric Measuring Instruments 574

Problems 580

27 Faraday＇s Laws of Electrolysis and Thermoelectricity 587

27．1 Faraday＇s Laws of Electrolysis 587

27．2 Thermoelectricity 591

27．3 The Thermocouple 593

27．4 Further Discussion of Conduction in Solids 599

Problems 605

28 Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 609

28．1 Magnetic Fields and Flux Density 609

28．2 Examples of Magnetic Force Actions 613

28．3 Ampère＇s Law 620

28．4 Applications of Ampère＇s Law 623

28．5 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors：The Ampere 630

28．6 Induced EMF＇s 631

28．7 FAraday＇s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 634

28．8 Lenz＇s Law 636

28．9 Induced EMF in a Rotating Coil 636

28．10 Inductance 640

28．11 Energy Stored in an Inductor 642

Problems 646

29 Magnetic Properties，Magnets，and the Magnetic Circuit 653

29．1 Magnetic Field Intensity 653

29．2 Paramagnetic，Diamagnetic，and Ferromagnetic Substances 655

29．3 The B-H Curve 658

29．4 The Magnetic Circuit 660

29．5 The Concept of Magnetic Poles 662

Problems 667

30 Alternating Currents 671

30．1 Rotating-Vector Representation of an Alternating Current 671

30．2 Effective Values of Current and Voltage 672

30．3 Circuit with Pure Resistance 673

30．4 Circuit with Pure Inductance 674

30．5 Circuit with Pure Capacitance 677

30．6 Circuit with Resistance，Inductance，and Capacitance in Series 679

30．7 Resonance in an R-L-C Series Circuit 683

30．8 The A-C Parallel Circuit 685

30．9 The Transformer 686

30．10 Alternating-Current Meters 689

Problems 694

31 Electronic Principles 697

31．1 Discharge and Charge of a Capacitor Through a Resistor 697

31．2 Decay and Growth in a Circuit Containing Inductance and Resistance 701

31．3 Differentiating and Integrating Circuits 702

31．4 Electron Emission 705

31．5 Thermionic Emission 706

31．6 The Diode and Rectification 710

31．7 The Triode and Amplification 713

31．8 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 716

31．9 The Photoelectric Effect 718

31．10 The X-Ray Tube 720

31．11 The Geiger and Scintillation Counters 722

31．12 The Semiconductor Diode Rectifier 726

31．13 The Transistor as an Amplifier 730

31．14 Electric Oscillations and Electromagnetic Waves 733

Problems 737

32 Reflection and Refraction 741

32．1 Reflection of Light 742

32．2 Refraction of Light 744

32．3 Total Internal Reflection 747

32．4 The Refracting Prism 749

32．5 The Spherical Refracting Surface 752

32．6 The Plane Refracting Surface 756

32．7 Magnification Produced by a Spherical Refracting Surface 757

32．8 The Spherical Mirror 758

32．9 Graphical Method for Mirrors 762

32．10 Summary of Signs for Use in Refraction and Mirror Equations 764

Problems 773

33 The Spherical Lens，Aberrations，and Optical Instruments 783

33．1 Converging and Diverging Lenses 783

33．2 The Thin-Lens Equations 785

33．3 Graphical Method for Thin Lenses 789

33．4 Lens Aberrations 791

33．5 Optical Instruments 800

33．6 Photometric Concepts 808

Problems 815

34 Interference and Diffraction 821

34．1 Interference from a Double Slit 821

34．2 Phase Change on Reflection 825

34．3 Interference from a Film 827

34．4 Newton＇s Rings 830

34．5 The Michelson Interferometer 833

34．6 Diffraction of Light 839

34．7 Fresnel Diffraction 840

34．8 Fraunhofer Diffraction 849

34．9 X-Ray Diffraction 860

Problems 866

35 Polarization 871

35．1 The Meaning of Polarization 871

35．2 Polarization by Reflection and Refraction 873

35．3 Polarization by Double Refraction 876

35．4 Huygens＇ Wavelets for Double Refraction 878

35．5 The Nicol Prism 879

35．6 Polarization by Absorption 880

35．7 Polarization by Scattering 881

35．8 Elliptically and Circularly Polarized Light 882

35．9 Other Polarization Effects 886

Problems 888

Part Three ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 891

36 Spectra and Quantum Theory 893

36．1 Optical Spectra and Spectral Series 893

36．2 Quantum Concepts and Bohr＇s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 896

36．3 Waves and Particles 903

36．4 The Method of Wave and Quantum Mechanics 907

36．5 The Uncertainty Principle 911

36．6 The Principle of Complementarity 915

Problems 917

37 Nuclear Phenomena 921

37．1 Radioactivity 921

37．2 The Law of Radioactive Disintegration，and the Radioactive Series 925

37．3 Absorption of Gamma-Rays or X-rays 929

37．4 The Nuclear-Reaction Equation 933

37．5 Induced Radioactivity 937

37．6 Binding Energies of Nuclei 941

37．7 The Force Between Nucleons 944

Problems 948

Appendix 951

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 961

Index 967