Part Two ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM，GEOMETRICAL AND PHYSICAL OPTICS 515
25 Electrostatics 517
25．1 Electrification and Electric Charges 517
25．2 Electrical Nature and Structure of Matter 518
25．3 Charging by Induction 521
25．4 Faraday＇s Ice Pail Experiment 522
25．5 Coulomb＇s Law of Force Between Electric Charges 524
25．6 Systems of Units 524
25．7 The Rationalized MKS System of Units 525
25．8 The Electric Field 527
25．9 Lines of Force 529
25．10 Gauss＇s Law 530
25．11 Applications of Gauss＇s Law 532
25．12 Electric Potential 535
25．13 Equipotential Surfaces 537
25．14 Caacitors and Capacitance 540
25．15 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor 541
25．16 Capacitor Combinations 544
25．17 Energy of a Charged Capacitor 545
Problems 553
26 Current Electricity 559
26．1 The Electric Current 559
26．2 Resistance and Ohm＇s Law 560
26．3 Current Density，Resistivity，and Conductivity 561
26．4 Dependence of Resistivity on Temperature 563
26．5 Potential Difference and Electromotive Force 564
26．6 Energy，Power，and Joule＇s Law 567
26．7 Combinations of Resistors 568
26．8 Circuits with More Than One Source of EMF 570
26．9 Kirchhoff＇s Laws for Electric Networks 571
26．10 Electric Measuring Instruments 574
Problems 580
27 Faraday＇s Laws of Electrolysis and Thermoelectricity 587
27．1 Faraday＇s Laws of Electrolysis 587
27．2 Thermoelectricity 591
27．3 The Thermocouple 593
27．4 Further Discussion of Conduction in Solids 599
Problems 605
28 Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 609
28．1 Magnetic Fields and Flux Density 609
28．2 Examples of Magnetic Force Actions 613
28．3 Ampère＇s Law 620
28．4 Applications of Ampère＇s Law 623
28．5 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors：The Ampere 630
28．6 Induced EMF＇s 631
28．7 FAraday＇s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 634
28．8 Lenz＇s Law 636
28．9 Induced EMF in a Rotating Coil 636
28．10 Inductance 640
28．11 Energy Stored in an Inductor 642
Problems 646
29 Magnetic Properties，Magnets，and the Magnetic Circuit 653
29．1 Magnetic Field Intensity 653
29．2 Paramagnetic，Diamagnetic，and Ferromagnetic Substances 655
29．3 The B-H Curve 658
29．4 The Magnetic Circuit 660
29．5 The Concept of Magnetic Poles 662
Problems 667
30 Alternating Currents 671
30．1 Rotating-Vector Representation of an Alternating Current 671
30．2 Effective Values of Current and Voltage 672
30．3 Circuit with Pure Resistance 673
30．4 Circuit with Pure Inductance 674
30．5 Circuit with Pure Capacitance 677
30．6 Circuit with Resistance，Inductance，and Capacitance in Series 679
30．7 Resonance in an R-L-C Series Circuit 683
30．8 The A-C Parallel Circuit 685
30．9 The Transformer 686
30．10 Alternating-Current Meters 689
Problems 694
31 Electronic Principles 697
31．1 Discharge and Charge of a Capacitor Through a Resistor 697
31．2 Decay and Growth in a Circuit Containing Inductance and Resistance 701
31．3 Differentiating and Integrating Circuits 702
31．4 Electron Emission 705
31．5 Thermionic Emission 706
31．6 The Diode and Rectification 710
31．7 The Triode and Amplification 713
31．8 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 716
31．9 The Photoelectric Effect 718
31．10 The X-Ray Tube 720
31．11 The Geiger and Scintillation Counters 722
31．12 The Semiconductor Diode Rectifier 726
31．13 The Transistor as an Amplifier 730
31．14 Electric Oscillations and Electromagnetic Waves 733
Problems 737
32 Reflection and Refraction 741
32．1 Reflection of Light 742
32．2 Refraction of Light 744
32．3 Total Internal Reflection 747
32．4 The Refracting Prism 749
32．5 The Spherical Refracting Surface 752
32．6 The Plane Refracting Surface 756
32．7 Magnification Produced by a Spherical Refracting Surface 757
32．8 The Spherical Mirror 758
32．9 Graphical Method for Mirrors 762
32．10 Summary of Signs for Use in Refraction and Mirror Equations 764
Problems 773
33 The Spherical Lens，Aberrations，and Optical Instruments 783
33．1 Converging and Diverging Lenses 783
33．2 The Thin-Lens Equations 785
33．3 Graphical Method for Thin Lenses 789
33．4 Lens Aberrations 791
33．5 Optical Instruments 800
33．6 Photometric Concepts 808
Problems 815
34 Interference and Diffraction 821
34．1 Interference from a Double Slit 821
34．2 Phase Change on Reflection 825
34．3 Interference from a Film 827
34．4 Newton＇s Rings 830
34．5 The Michelson Interferometer 833
34．6 Diffraction of Light 839
34．7 Fresnel Diffraction 840
34．8 Fraunhofer Diffraction 849
34．9 X-Ray Diffraction 860
Problems 866
35 Polarization 871
35．1 The Meaning of Polarization 871
35．2 Polarization by Reflection and Refraction 873
35．3 Polarization by Double Refraction 876
35．4 Huygens＇ Wavelets for Double Refraction 878
35．5 The Nicol Prism 879
35．6 Polarization by Absorption 880
35．7 Polarization by Scattering 881
35．8 Elliptically and Circularly Polarized Light 882
35．9 Other Polarization Effects 886
Problems 888
Part Three ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 891
36 Spectra and Quantum Theory 893
36．1 Optical Spectra and Spectral Series 893
36．2 Quantum Concepts and Bohr＇s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 896
36．3 Waves and Particles 903
36．4 The Method of Wave and Quantum Mechanics 907
36．5 The Uncertainty Principle 911
36．6 The Principle of Complementarity 915
Problems 917
37 Nuclear Phenomena 921
37．1 Radioactivity 921
37．2 The Law of Radioactive Disintegration，and the Radioactive Series 925
37．3 Absorption of Gamma-Rays or X-rays 929
37．4 The Nuclear-Reaction Equation 933
37．5 Induced Radioactivity 937
37．6 Binding Energies of Nuclei 941
37．7 The Force Between Nucleons 944
Problems 948
Appendix 951
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 961
Index 967