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INTRODUCTION 11

1 Country and People 11

Among the Nations 13

Variety in Unity 16

The People 21

Land and Water 29

PART ONE THE IRAQ OF YESTERDAY 35

2 Early Ages 37

Dawn and Morning 37

The First Great Empires 41

Persian and Greek 46

Parthian and Sassanian 50

3 Muslim Iraq 57

The First Century of Islam 57

The House of＇Abbas 60

The Darkest Age 66

The Turkish Empire 69

4 The British Mandate 78

First World War，and After 78

The Mandate 82

The British Contribution 90

PART TWO THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM 95

5 The Course of Events 97

6 The Economy 110

Agronomy 111

Industry 122

Trade 127

Communications 131

Money 137

State Finance 138

Cost of Living 141

National Development 143

Oil 148

7 The Machinery of State 155

Administration 155

Law and Order 158

Defence 161

Health 164

Labour and Social Security 167

Town and Country Development 169

Education 172

8 Society 182

The Social Pattern 182

The Family and the Sexes 190

Daily Life 194

Culture 198

Religion 204

9 Politics 207

The Nation 208

Iraq and the Arab Countries 213

Iraq and the Foreign Powers 222

Government and the Political System 228

Epilogue 245

APPENDICES 249

1 List of Cabinets 251

2 Table of Administrative Units 253

3 Note on Books 254

Index 257

Map of Iraq 256