A Text-Book of Vertebrate EmbryologyPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER Ⅰ．HISTORICAL SKETCH 17

PART Ⅰ．EARLY DEVELOPMENT 21

CHAPTER Ⅱ．THE CELL IN DEVELOPMENT 21

A．Mitosis 21

The Achromatic Figure 21

Phases of Mitosis 22

Prophase 22

The Metaphase 24

The Telophase 25

B．Gametogenesis 26

Gametogenes Defined 26

Phases of Gametogenesis 26

Meiosis 28

C．Fertilization 31

Definition 31

The Spermatozoon 31

Contact of Sperm and Egg 32

Fusion of Gametes 32

CHAPTER Ⅲ．CLEAVAGE 35

Cleavage Defined 35

Types of Ova 35

Types of Cleavage 35

Cleavage Planes 39

Cleavage Patterns 40

Radial Cleavage 40

Spiral Cleavage 40

Bilateral Cleavage 41

Irregular Cleavage 41

The Blastula 41

CHAPTER Ⅳ．GASTRULATION AND NOTOGENESIS 43

Definition 43

A．Amphioxus 43

Gastrulation 43

The Germ Layers 45

The Axial Organs and the Mesoderm 45

The Mesodermal Somites 48

B．The Frog 50

The Blastula 50

Gastrulation 50

Notogenesis 56

(a) Germ Layers 56

Axial Organs 58

C．The Chick 61

Early Development 61

Gastrulation 63

The Germ Layers 68

Axial Organs 69

D．The Mammal 71

Early Development 71

Germ Layers 73

Gastrulation 73

Axial Organs 74

CHAPTER Ⅴ．EMBRYONAL MEMBRANES 75

Introductory 75

A．The Chick 76

Later History of the Mesoderm 76

The Amniocardiac Vesicles 77

Later History of the Blastoderm 78

The Amnion 78

The Chorion 81

The Yolk-sac 84

The Allantois 84

The Albumen-sac 88

B．The Mammal 89

The Mammalian Embryo 89

The Mammalian Amnion 90

The Chorion 91

The Yolk-sac 92

The Allantois 93

The Placenta 94

PART Ⅱ．ORGANOGENY 101

CHAPTER Ⅵ．THE ALIMENTARY TRACT AND ITS DERIVATIVES 101

A．Amphioxus 101

Digestive Tract 101

B．The Frog 103

The Archenteron 103

The Stomodeum 105

The Fore-gut and its Derivatives 107

The Mid-gut and its Derivatives 114

The Hind-gut and its Derivatives 115

C．The Chick 116

The Stomodeum 116

The Fore-gut and its Derviatives 118

The Mid-gut 126

The Hind-gut 126

D．The Mammal 129

The Stomodeum 129

The Fore-gut and its Derivatives 131

The Mid-gut 135

The Hind-gut 136

CHAPTER Ⅶ．THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 137

Introductory 137

A．Amphioxus 143

The Brain 143

The Nerve or＂Spinal Cord＂ 144

B．The Frog 145

The Brain 145

The Prosencephalon 148

The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon 149

The Rhombencephalon 150

The Spinal Cord 150

C．The Chick 152

The Brain 154

The Prosencephalon 154

The Mesencephalon 157

The Rhombencephalon 158

The Spinal Cord 159

D．The Mammal 162

The Brain 162

The Prosencephalon 163

The Mesencephalon 164

The Rhombencephalon 164

The Spinal Cord 165

CHAPTER Ⅷ．THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 166

Introductory 166

The Cranial Nerves 166

A．The Frog 170

The Cranial Nerves 170

The Spinal Nerves 173

The Sympathetic System 174

The Sense Organs 174

The Olfactory Organ 174

The Eye 176

The Ear 178

The Lateral Line Sense Organs 180

B．The Chick 181

The Cranial Nerves 181

The Spinal Nerves 182

The Sympathetic System 183

The Sense Organs 184

The Olfactory Organ 184

The Eye 187

The Ear 188

C．The Mammal 192

The Cranial Nerves 192

The Spinal Nerves 193

The Sympathetic System 193

The Sense Organs 193

The Olfactory Organ 193

The Eye 194

The Ear 194

CHAPTER Ⅸ．THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 196

A．The Frog 196

Ⅰ．The Hemal System 196

Origin 196

The Heart and the Pericardium 197

The Arteries 199

The Veins 202

Ⅱ．The Lymphatic System of the Frog 205

Origin 208

B．The Chick 208

Ⅰ．The Hemal System 208

Origin 208

The Heart and the Pericardium 209

The Arteries 212

The Veins 215

C．The Mammal 220

Ⅰ．The Hemal System 220

Ⅱ．The Lymphatic System 221

CHAPTER Ⅹ．THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM 223

Introductory 223

General Structure 223

A．Excretory System 225

Ⅰ．The Frog 225

The Pronephros 225

The Mesonephros 227

Ⅱ．The Chick 229

The Pronephros 229

The Mesonephros 230

The Metanephros 231

Ⅲ．The Mammal 233

The Pronephros 233

The Mesonephros 233

The Metanephros 233

B．The Reproductive System 235

Ⅰ．The Frog 235

The Germ Glands 235

The Gonoducts 236

Ⅱ．The Chick 238

The Germ Glands 238

The Gonoducts 240

Ⅲ．The Mammal 241

C．The Adrenal Bodies 243

Ⅰ．The Frog 243

Ⅱ．The Chick 243

Ⅲ．The Mammal 244

CHAPTER Ⅺ．THE ENDOSKELETON 245

Introductory 245

A．The Frog 245

Axial Skeleton 245

Ⅰ．Vertebral Column 245

Ⅱ．The Skull 246

The Visceral Skeleton 248

The Appendicular Skeleton 250

B．The Chick 250

The Axial Skeleton 250

Ⅰ．The Vertebral Column and Ribs 250

Ⅱ．The Skull 251

The Visceral Skeleton 251

The Appendicular Skeleton 253

C．The Mammal 253

CHAPTER Ⅻ．SUMMARY 254

Gastrulation and Notogenesis 256

Embryonal Membranes 260

The Alimentary Tract and its Derivatives 262

The Central Nervous System 267

The Peripheral Nervous System 272

The Vascular System 276

The Urino-genital System 278

The Skeleton 280