Twentieth Century Europe A HistoryPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ THE FIRST WORLD CRISIS 1

1．The Heritage of the Twentieth Century 3

THE DYNAMIC AGE 3

THE IDEOLOGIES OF PROGRESS 9

THE EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM，1900-14 14

EUROPE AND HE WORLD 22

2．The Coming of the Crisis 29

TESTING THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMES 30

TENSIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE 36

THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS，1912-14 45

THE OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES 46

3．Word War I 55

THE FIRST YEAR 55

THE WAR OF ATTRITION 61

THE TURN OF THE TIDE 71

VICTORY OF THE ALLIES 79

4．The Treaty of Versailles 83

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 84

THE DRAFTING OF THE TREATY 85

THE BASIS OF THE TREATY 90

THE BOUNDARIES OF GERMANY 93

THE COLONIAL SETTLEMENT AND MANDATES 97

DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY 100

REPARATIONS 101

THE＂HONOR＂CLAUSES 103

FINAL PROVISIONS 105

AN EVALUATION OF THE TREATY 106

5．The Eastern Peace Treaties 108

VICTORS AND VANQUISHED 108

THE HABSBURG SETTLEMENT 109

THE BORDERLANDS OF RUSSIA 122

BULGARIA AND THE TREATY OF NEUILLY 132

DISSOLUTION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 136

PART Ⅱ．THE GREAT POWERS AND THE SEARCH FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM 147

6．Experiments in International Organization 149

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 150

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION 152

THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE 154

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 156

THE MINORITY TREATIES 157

ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE THE LEAGUE＇S SECURITY SYSTEM 161

DISARMAMENT 167

SECURITY THROUGH ALLIANCES 172

7．The Soviet Union，1917-28 176

THE REVOLUTION 176

IDEOLOGY OF THE SOVIET STATE 189

FROM WAR COMMUNISM TO＂NEP＂ 197

INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES 201

8．The Weimar Republic 212

THE GERMAN CONSTITUTION 213

REPARATIONS 219

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 224

RELIGION 229

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 230

9．The Establishment of Fascist Italy 237

POSTWAR ITALY，1919-22 238

THE RISE OF FASCISM 239

FASCIST THEORY 242

THE REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 245

THE PARTY ORGANIZATION 248

THE CORPORATIVE STATE 249

CULTURAL POLICY 252

FOREIGN POLICY 254

10．France During the Twenties 257

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 258

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 261

ALSACE-LORRAINE 264

RELIGIOUS POLICY IN FRANCE 267

THE EMPIRE 268

FOREIGN POLICY 272

11．The United Kingdom and the Empire 275

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 276

ECONOMIC POLICY 280

RELIGION AND EDUCATION 284

IRELAND 287

THE BRITISH EMPIRE 289

FOREIGN POLICY 294

12．The World Depression 297

THE END OF AN ERA 297

IMPACT OF THE DEPRESSION 301

ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 306

PART Ⅲ．THE SMALLER POWERS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD 313

13．The Lowlands，Scandinavia，and Switzerland 315

THE LOWLANDS 316

THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES 323

SWITZERLAND 328

14．Danubian Europe 336

THE NEW GOVERNMENTS 337

ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION 339

RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 345

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 349

POSTDEPRESSION ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 365

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 370

15．The New States of the Baltic Region 372

REPUBLICAN FINLAND 373

THE BALTIC STATES 377

POLAND 383

16．The Eastern Mediterranean Region 393

EUROPE AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 393

POSTWAR GREECE 395

THE TURKISH REPUBLIC 404

THE INDEPENDENT ARAB STATES 411

THE ARAB MANDATES 414

PART Ⅳ．THE SECOND WORLD CRISIS 423

17．Italy，France，and Great Britain in the Thirties 425

ITALY 426

FRANCE 430

GREAT BRITAIN 437

18．National Socialist Germany，1933-39 445

FACTORS UNDERLYING THE COLLAPSE OF THE GERMAN REPUBLIC 445

NATIONAL SOCIALIST THEORY 449

NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN ACTION 452

19．Russia Under the Five-Year Plans，1928-41 464

SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY 464

THE TRANSFORMATION OF A SOCIETY 471

THE VICTORY OF STALINISM 476

20．The Failure of the League System 485

REVOLUTION AND AGGRESSION 486

THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS 487

THE ETHIOPIAN CRISIS 491

THE SPANISH CRISIS 498

THE CHINESE INCIDENT，1937 507

SHIFTING ALLIANCES 510

21．Immediate Background of World War II 515

GERMANY AND EUROPE 515

THE AUSTRIAN CRISIS 521

THE CZECHOSLOVAK CRISIS 523

PRELUDE TO WAR 530

22．World War II 536

PREDOMINANCE OF THE AXIS 536

EXPANSION OF THE WAR 545

THE GREAT COALITION 555

INITIATIVE OF THE UNITED NATIONS 563

THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS 570

PART Ⅴ．THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE 583

23．The United Nations Organization 585

DRAFTING OF THE CHARTER 586

STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION 588

PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES 599

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 606

24．Negotiations for Peace 610

POSTWAR BALANCE OF POWER 610

THE EUROPEAN PEACE TREATIES 616

THE JAPANESE PEACE TREATY 627

25．The United Kingdom，France，and Italy After the War 633

UNITED KINGDOM 634

FRANCE 644

ITALY 661

26．Germany and the Small States of Western Europe 669

GERMANY UNDER FOUR-POWER CONTROL 670

THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC 677

THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 681

BERLIN AND THE ISSUE OF REUNIFICATION 683

AUSTRIA 684

SWITZERLAND 687

THE LOWLANDS 688

THE SCANDINAVIAN STATES 692

THE IBERIAN STATES 695

27．The Soviet Orbit 698

EVOLUTION OF SOVIET POLICY 698

PATTERN OF SOVIET CHANGE 706

EASTERN EUROPE 712

28．The Eastern Mediterranean Region 724

GREECE AND TURKEY 725

THE ARAB WORLD 730

29．Europe and the World 746

THE COLD WAR 746

CONSOLIDATION OF WESTERN EUROPE 758

TWENTIETH-CENTURY TRENDS 764

Appendices： 770

Ⅰ．AREA AND POPULATION OF THE STATES OF EUROPE AND THE NEAR EAST C．1900，C．1925，C．1958 770

Ⅱ．STATEMENTS OF PEACE AIMS BY PRESIDENT WILSON 772

Ⅲ．STATEMENTS OF UNITED NATIONS＇PEACE AIMS 774

Ⅳ．MEMBERSHIP OF THE UNITED NATIONS 775

Ⅴ．REGIONAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR II 778

Ⅵ．VANISHING ROYALTY，1900-58 783

Ⅶ．CHRONOLOGY 787

Bibliography： 803

1．REFERENCE WORKS 804

2．GENERAL WORKS BY COUNTRY AND REGION 806

3．INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS 844

Index 865