Unraveling Juvenile DelinquencyPDF电子书下载

PART ONE． THE PROBLEM 1

Ⅰ．General Orientation 3

Inadequacy of Knowledge of Crime Causation 3

Inadequacy of Theories of Crime Causation 4

Need for Eclectic Approach to Study of Crime Causation 7

PART TWO． THE TECHNIQUE 11

Ⅱ．Design of the Research 13

Definition of Delinquency 13

Control of the Inquiry 14

Levels of the Inquiry 15

Ⅲ．Establishing the Project 19

Finding a Suitable Locale 19

Permission to Examine Delinquents 20

Permission to Examine Non-Delinquents 21

Overcoming Difficulties 22

Staff of the Research 24

Ⅳ．Selecting and Matching Delinquents and Non-Delinquents 27

Selecting Delinquents 27

Selecting Non-Delinquents 28

Obtaining Parental Permission to Examine Non-Delinquents 29

Selecting Neighborhoods 30

Selecting Public Schools 32

Verifying Age 32

Determining Ethnic Origin 32

Determining Intelligence Quotient 33

Matching Delinquents and Non-Delinquents by Pairs 33

Evidences of Success of Matching 35

Ⅴ．Exploring Family and Personal Background 41

Delimiting the Social Inquiry 41

Assuring Uniformity in Social Histories 42

Identification Data and Vital Statistics 43

Consulting Social Service Indices 44

Clearing through Massachusetts Board of Probation 45

Interviewing in Homes 45

Securing Data from Social Agency Records 49

Securing Data from Peno-correctional Agencies 50

Clearing through Massachusetts Department of Mental Health 50

Gathering School Histories 50

Closing the Cases 52

Ⅵ．Testing and Examining Delinquents and Non-Delinquents 54

Physique Study 54

Medical Examination 55

Intelligence and Achievement Tests 56

Rorschach Test 57

Psychiatric Interview 60

Arrangements for Examining Delinquents 62

Arrangements for Examining Non-Delinquents 63

Maintaining the Cooperation of the Boys 64

Completing Tests and Examinations 64

Ⅶ．Preparing Data for Statistical Treatment 67

Testing Definitions，Subcategories，and Schedules 67

Safeguards in Gathering and Recording Data 69

Checking the Findings 70

Editing the Schedules 72

Preparing Data for Tabulation 73

PART THREE． THE FINDINGS 77

Ⅷ．Home Conditions of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents When Selected for the Research 79

Neighborhood 79

Physical Aspects of Home 80

Economic Circumstances of Family 84

Household 88

Summary 91

Ⅸ．Setting of Family Life 93

Milieu of Parents 93

Adequacy of Parents for Responsibilities 99

Parents＇ Dependence on Social Welfare 102

Economic Circumstances of Parents 104

Employment History of Father 106

Summary 107

Ⅹ．Quality of Family Life 108

Orderliness of Household 108

Cultural Refinement of Home 108

Family Pride 109

Conduct Standards of Home 110

Conjugal Relations of Parents 111

Dominant Parent 112

Supervision by Mother 112

Recreational Outlets of Family 113

Cohesiveness of Family 115

Summary 115

Ⅺ．The Boy in the Family 117

Vital Statistics 117

Household Instability 120

Affectional Relationship between Boy and Parents 125

Affection of Brothers and Sisters for Boy 127

Concern of Parents for Welfare of Boy 128

Discipline of Boy by Parents 130

Summary 133

Ⅻ．The Boy in School 135

School Status 135

Retardation 138

Subject Preferences 138

Scholarship and Achievement 140

Variability in Achievement 143

Attitude toward School 143

Relation to Schoolmates 145

Earliest Maladaptive Behavior in School 146

Truancy 148

Behavior during Last School Year 149

Characteristics of Attack and Withdrawal 151

Summary 153

ⅩⅢ．The Boy in the Community 155

Neighborhood Ties 155

After-School Employment 158

Household Duties 159

Use of Leisure Time 160

Adventurous Activities 162

Companions 163

Supervised Recreations 164

Church Attendance 167

Summary 167

ⅩⅣ．Physical Condition 169

Developmental Health History 170

Height and Weight 172

Dynamometric Strength 172

Bony Skeleton and Palate 172

Teeth 173

Nose and Throat 173

Eyes and Ears 175

Heart and Lungs 176

Abdomen and Genitalia 176

Skin 177

Glands 177

Nervous System 178

Acquired Motor Handicaps 180

General Health 180

Summary 181

ⅩⅤ．Bodily Constitution 183

Gross Bodily Measurements 184

Anthropometric Indices 187

Bodily Disproportions 191

Masculine Component 192

Somatotypes 192

Summary 196

ⅩⅥ．Verbal and Performance Intelligence 198

Verbal Intelligence 199

Performance Intelligence 202

Comparison of Verbal and Performance Intelligence 204

Variability in Components of Verbal and Performance Intelligence 205

Summary 206

ⅩⅦ．Qualitative and Dynamic Aspects of Intelligence 209

Originality 210

Creativity 210

Banality 210

Power of Observation 210

Unrealistic Thinking 212

Common Sense 212

Intuition 212

Phantasy 213

Over-Verbalizing Intelligence 213

Methodical Approach to Problems 213

Potential Capacity for Objective Interests 214

Summary 214

ⅩⅧ．Character and Personality Structure 215

Nature of Rorschach Test 215

Attitudes toward Authority and Society 218

Feelings of Insecurity，Anxiety，Inferiority， and Frustration 221

Kindliness and Hostility 226

Dependence and Independence 231

Goals of Strivings 234

Some General Qualities of Personality 236

Mental Pathology 239

Summary 240

ⅩⅨ．Dynamics of Temperament 244

Deep-Rooted Emotional Dynamics 245

Appetitive-Aesthetic Tendencies 246

Personality Orientation 246

Emotional Conflicts and Their Sources 247

Method of Resolving Conflicts 250

Summary 251

PART FOUR． THE SIGNIFICANCE 255

ⅩⅩ．Prediction of Delinquency 257

Selection of Feasible Predictive Devices 258

Method of Constructing a Prediction Table 259

Prediction Table Constructed from Factors of Social Background 260

Prediction Table Constructed from Character Traits Determined in Rorschach Test 262

Prediction Table Constructed from Personality Traits Determined in Psychiatric Interview 264

Comparison of Prediction Tables from Social， Rorschach，and Psychiatric Data 265

Further Exploration 267

ⅩⅪ．Dynamic Pattern of Delinquency 272

Non-Causal Factors 272

Factors with Probable Causal Significance 273

Behavior Reflecting Significant Traits 276

The Causal Complex 281

ⅩⅫ．Looking Forward 284

APPENDICES A - E 291

Appendix A．Criminal Record of Delinquents 293

Appendix B．List of Matched Pairs of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents 297

Appendix C．A Comparative Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents＆by Carl C．Seltzer，Ph．D 307

Appendix D．Some Detailed Findings of the Wechsler-Bellevue and Stanford Achievement Tests 351

Appendix E．Some Notes on the Use of the Rorschach Test＆by Ernest G．Schachtel 363