Development Anatomy A Textbook And Laboratory Manual Of Embryology Fourth EditionPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ．GENERAL DEVELOPMENT 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ．-INTRODUCTION 1

General Features of Development 4

Some Fundamental Concepts 11

Recommendations for Collateral Reading 15

CHAPTER Ⅱ．-THE GERM CELLS AND FERTILIZATION 16

The Germ Cells 16

Oogenesis 18

Spermatogenesis 29

Ovulation and Semination 35

Fertilization 43

Heredity and Sex 48

References Cited 50

CHAPTER Ⅲ．-CLEAVAGE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE GERM LAYERS 53

Amphioxus 55

Lower Fishes and Amphibia 59

Higher Fishes，Reptiles and Birds 63

Mammals 71

References Cited 79

CHAPTER Ⅳ．-FETAL MEMBRANES，PLACENTATION AND DECIDU？ 80

The Fetal Membranes of Reptiles and Birds 81

The Fetal Membranes of Mammals 83

Human Placentation 89

Implantation of the Embryo in the Mucosa 89

Establishment of the Embryo in the Mucosa 97

The Fetal Membranes 101

The Decidual Membranes 110

The Placenta 115

References Cited 128

CHAPTER Ⅴ．-AGE，BODY FORM AND GROWTH CHANGES 129

Determination of the Age of Embryos 129

Viability and Longevity 132

An Outline of Prenatal Development 133

Period of the Ovum 133

Period of the Embryo 133

Period of the Fetus 147

The Establishment of External Form 149

The Head and Neck 149

The Trunk 158

The Appendages 159

Growth Changes 161

References Cited 165

CHAPTER Ⅵ．-TERATOLOGY 167

Twins and Twinning 168

Equal Conjoined Twins 172

Unequal Conjoined Twins 174

The Cause of Monsters and Anomalies 175

References Cited 182

PART Ⅱ．ORGANOGENESIS 183

ENTODERMAL DERIVATIVES 183

CHAPTER Ⅶ．-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 183

The Mouth 186

The Pharynx 202

The Digestive Tube 213

The Liver 222

The Pancreas 227

References Cited 229

CHAPTER Ⅷ．-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 231

The Larynx 232

The Trachea 233

The Lungs 233

References Cited 239

MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES 240

CHAPTER Ⅸ．-THE MESENTERIES AND C？LOM 240

The Mesenteries 240

The Primitive Mesentery 240

Specialization of the Dorsal Mesentery 241

Specialization of the Ventral Mesentery 248

The Coelom 250

The Primitive Coelom 250

The Septum Transversum 253

The Pleuro-pericardial Membrane 256

The Pleuro-peritoneal Membrane 257

The Pericardium 258

The Diaphragm 259

References Cited 260

CHAPTER Ⅹ．-THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM 261

The Urinary Organs 261

The Pronephros 262

The Mesonephros 264

The Metanephros 267

The Cloaca 274

The Genital Organs 279

Indifferent Stage 279

Internal Sexual Transformations 284

The External Genitalia 299

Homologies of the Urogenital System 303

References Cited 305

CHAPTER Ⅺ．-THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 306

Angiogenesis 306

Hemopoiesis 307

The Primitive Vascular System 312

Development of the Heart 316

External Changes in the Heart 319

Internal Changes in the Heart 321

Development of the Arteries 331

Development of the Veins 341

Fetal Circulation and the Changes at Birth 352

The Lymphatic System 354

References Cited 358

CHAPTER Ⅻ．-THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 360

Histogenesis of the Supporting Tissues 360

Connective Tissue 360

Cartilage 362

Bone 362

Morphogenesis of the Skeleton 369

The Axial Skeleton 369

The Appendicular Skeleton 383

References Cited 386

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．-THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 387

The Histogenesis of Muscle 387

Morphogenesis of the Muscles 390

References Cited 396

ECTODERMAL DERIVATIVES 397

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．-THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 397

The Skin 397

The Nails 400

The Hair 401

Sebaceous Glands 404

Sweat Glands 405

Mammary Glands 406

References Cited 409

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．-THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 410

Histogenesis of the Nervous Tissues 410

Morphogenesis of the Central Nervous System 419

The Spinal Cord 421

The Brain 426

The Myelencephalon 432

The Metencephalon 436

The Mesencephalon 439

The Diencephalon 440

The Telencephalon 443

References Cited 454

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．-THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 455

The Spinal Nerves 457

The Cranial Nerves 459

The Sympathetic Nervous System 468

The Chromaffin Bodies and Suprarenal Gland 471

References Cited 473

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．-THE SENSE ORGANS 475

General Sensory Organs 475

The Gustatory Organ 476

The Nose 477

The Eye 482

The Ear 494

References Cited 504

PART Ⅲ．A LABORATORY MANUAL OF EMBRYOLOGY 505

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．-THE STUDY OF CHICK EMBRYOS 505

The Unincubated Ovum and Embryos of the First Day 505

Embryo of Five Segments(Twenty-four Hours) 510

Embryo of Seven Segments(Twenty-five Hours) 511

Embryo of Seventeen Segments(Thirty-eight Hours) 519

Embryo of Twenty-seven Segments(Two Days) 529

Embryos of Three to Four Days 543

Embryos of Seven and Ten Days 546

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．-THE STUDY OF PIG EMBRYOS 547

The Anatomy of a Six Mm．Pig Embryo 548

The Anatomy of a Ten Mm．Pig Embryo 551

The Anatomy of an Eighteen Mm．Pig Embryo 579

The Anatomy of a Thirty-five Mm．Pig Embryo 582

INDEX 587