Human Relations in NursingPDF电子书下载

PART ONE．SOCIOLOGICAL ORIENTATION 1

Chapter 1 FOUNDATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY 3

Nursing School—＂New World＂of Experience 3

Quest for Basic Understanding of Experience 4

Behavior Influenced by Social Experience 5

All Knowledge Is Relative 5

Determining Facts of Illness 6

Facts Interpreted by Reference to Systems of Analysis 7

Continuous Expansion of Bases for Medical Interpretation 8

More Understanding of Human Relations Needed 8

Puzzling Nature of＂Human Nature＂ 10

The Case of＂Understanding＂Fatigue 11

Nurses in Changing Social Situation 13

Nursing Responsibilities Are Changing 14

Goals and Functions of Nursing 15

Educational Changes Demanded 16

The Challenge of this Book 17

For Investigation and Discussion 19

Bibliography 19

Chapter 2 ANALYZING THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY 20

Comparison with Dissection and Study of Human Anatomy 20

Communication，＂Correct＂Forms 20

All Parts Have Functions 22

Culture，the Total Way of Life 23

Tools for Detailed Study of Culture 24

Trait，Complex，Pattern，and System 24

Social Norms：Folkways，Mores，Laws 25

Social Institutions 28

Defects and Disorders May Develop in Changing Social Institutions 29

Summary View of Social Structure 30

How Culture and Society Are Related 30

For Investigation and Discussion 31

Bibliography 31

Chapter 3 SOCIAL LIFE OCCURS IN GROUPS 32

Informal Group Formation 32

Chief Characteristics of Human Groups 33

Aggregations and Classifications Are Not Groups 35

Classification of Social Groups 35

Primary Groups 36

Primary Group Experience May Be Limited or Absent 39

Secondary Group Life May Become Dominant 40

Bureaucracy 42

Groups Related Vertically or Horizontally 43

Stratification of Groups 45

Mobility 46

In-Groups and Out-Groups 47

Ethnocentrism Produced Experimentally 50

Ethnocentrism and Professional Groups 52

For Investigation and Discussion 52

Bibliography 53

Chapter 4 HUMAN NATURE AND PERSONALITY 54

Why We Look into Mirrors 54

Infants at Birth 55

Original Helplessness Plus Flexibility 56

＂Not Born Human＂ 57

Anticipation of Infant＇s Birth 57

Socialization 59

Idea of Self Develops 59

Development of Self Words and Speech 61

Development of Moral Responsibility 63

Learning To＂Play the Game of Life＂ 64

Personal Organization 65

Focus of Social Pressure on Person 66

Determinants of Personality 68

Significance of Social Isolation 69

Examples of Cultivation and Guidance 70

Personalities of Parents Influence Child 72

Getting Acquainted with Personalities 72

For Investigation and Discussion 74

Bibliography 75

Chapter 5 SOCIETY IS CHANGING IN MANY WAYS 76

＂What＇s New？＂ 76

People on the Move 77

There Is a＂Battle for Men＇s Minds＂ 77

Perspective May Come from History 78

Critical Periods Have Occurred in the Past 79

Why Social Changes Occur 80

Deviations May Get Acceptance 80

Trial and Error 80

Research and Invention 82

Borrowing and Diffusion 82

Limitations on Social Change 83

The Culture Base 83

Communication 83

Intergroup Relations 84

Resistance to Social Change 84

Some Major Current Changes 85

Technological Revolution 86

Changes along Whole Cultural Front 87

Social Changes and Social Stability 89

Social Disorganization 89

Social Problems 90

Culture Lag 90

Social Values 91

For Investigation and Discussion 92

Bibliography 92

Chapter 6 SOCIAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 94

Social Defects and Disorders 94

＂Hospital World＂as Model Society 95

Physical Structure 95

Diversification and Stratification 95

Interdependence and Organization of All Parts 97

Problems in＂Hospital Society＂ 97

Problems of Doctors 98

Problems of Nurses 99

Hospital，Part of Whole Society 100

The Health of All the People 101

Revolutionary Improvements 101

Organization and Support of Health Services 102

Some Highlights and Shadows in the Picture 102

Physical Examinations of Inductees 103

Leading Causes of Death 104

Death Rate Due to Accidents 105

Disability 106

Mental Health 107

Problems of Health and Our Way of Life 109

＂Total＂and＂Positive＂Health 110

The Price Required 112

Quasi Health Problems 112

Vice and Crime 113

Alcohol and Social Problems 113

Juvenile Delinquency 116

For Investigation and Discussion 118

Bibliography 119

Chapter 7 SOCIAL PROBLEMS(continued) 120

State Pride 120

＂States＇Rights＂and Obligations 121

The Problem of Intergroup Relations 121

Religious，Racial，and Class Groups 122

The Negro Is a Minority Group 123

Under Slavery 123

Humanitarian Developments and Legal Emancipation 123

Advancement Despite Social Inertia 124

Race and Group Consciousness 124

Significant Changes 125

The Problem Remains 125

Impact of Prejudice on Self and Personality 125

Biological Differences Are Social Symbols 126

Japanese，Indians，Mexicans 126

Marginal Persons 127

Some Problems of Jewish-Gentile Groups 128

Long History of Separation and Persecution 128

High Status of Many Jews 129

Stereotyped Image 129

Some Cooperation and Friendship 129

Most Serious Aspect of Problem 130

Religious Conflict May Disorganize Society 131

Fractional Strife in Communities 131

Labor-Management Relations 132

Emergence of Modern Economic Groups 132

Labor Organization 132

Important Facts and Issues 133

Light May Be Dawning 133

The Basic Problem of Social Intelligence 134

Behavior Rests on Consent 134

Children Must＂Know the Game＂Being Played 134

The＂Hospital World＂Once More 134

Complexity of Informed Public Opinion 135

Some Underlying Difficulties 136

Static Learning and Dynamic Living 136

Fear of Inquiry and Understanding 136

Propaganda 137

Control through Advertising 137

Propaganda Is Subtle 137

Extreme Results in Germany 138

Protection against Propaganda 138

For Investigation and Discussion 139

Bibliography 140

Chapter 8 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS ARE CHANGING 141

Variability among Families 141

Similarities by Habitats and Classes 141

Changing Bases of Family Structure 142

The Traditional American Family 144

Patriarchal in Form 144

Primary Goals 145

Agricultural Interest 145

Functions of the Traditional Family 146

Changes in Economic Relations and Functions 147

Technological Revolution 147

New Things Become Necessities 148

Work Pattern of Family Changes 148

Changes Associated with Reproductive Function 149

Children—Economic Assets or Liabilities 150

Emphasis on Individualism 151

Happiness—By-Product or Goal 151

Changes in Protection and Maintenance Functions 152

Welfare，Health，and Educational Services 152

Family as Consumption Unit 153

Transmission of Property，Status，and Name 153

Arts and Crafts Instruction Declines 154

Creative and Recreative Activities 155

Limited Function of Mass Amusements 156

Determination of Vocation or Vocational Preference 156

Chapter 9 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS(continued) 158

Determination of Conceptions of Self and Personality 158

Mastery of Language 159

Children May Learn More Than Parents 160

Training in Manners and Morals 160

Child Training and Reactions to Illness 161

Cross-Cultural Differences in Early Training 161

Relative Length of Complete Dependence 162

Family Continues as Chief Source of Early Training 163

Community Shares More Training 163

Guidance from＂The Lonely Crowd＂ 163

Provision of Affection and Security 164

Essential Family Function 164

Effects of Institutional Life on Personality 165

Report of Case Study 166

＂Explanation＂of Love 168

Completeness of Self in Others 168

Complementarity in Courtship and Marriage 169

Possible Clue to Divorce 170

Family System Becomes Unstable and Families Disorganized 171

Summary of Changes in Family 171

The Family System in Transition 172

Significance of Complementarity Reviewed 173

For Investigation and Discussion 173

Bibliography 174

Chapter 10 WE ARE AT HOME IN COMMUNITIES 175

Help from Community in Getting Job 175

The Community Is a Social Group 175

Experience in Community 176

What We Know about Our Community 176

Better Acquaintance with Communities 177

What We Need To Know 177

Geographical and Regional Location 178

Reasons for Community Location 179

Regional Connections among Communities 179

Value of Historical Sketch 179

Extent，Size，and Layout of Communities 180

Legal and Sociological Boundaries 180

Rapid Expansion Quite Disturbing 181

Variability in Size of Communities 181

Need for a Base Map 182

Population 182

Variation in Sex and Age Ratios 183

Natural Areas 183

In Smaller Places Such as Jonesville 184

In Larger Cities 184

Value of Area Analysis 187

Class Structure 187

In Jonesville 187

Variations in Class Structure 188

Economic Base and Division of Labor 189

Competition and Cooperation 190

Family Life 191

Religious Organizations 191

Some Points of Difference 191

Systems of Control and Government 192

Control Related to Freedom 192

Making Community Decisions 192

Why＂Political Machines＂ 193

One-Family Domination 193

Power Structure 194

If Informed People May Rule 194

Communication 195

The Local Newspaper 195

Informal Communication 196

Holding Together 196

Habitual Patterns for Living 196

Special Occasions and Interests 196

Distinctive Character of Each Community 197

Calls for Particular Study 197

For Investigation and Discussion 197

Bibliography 198

Chapter 11 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 199

American Ideal of Progress 199

Many Organizations for Improvement 199

Efforts To Eliminate Undesirable Conditions 200

Trial and Error Lead to Establishing Agencies 200

Health Organization 201

Historical Perspective Needed 202

Antecedents of Medicine 202

Recognition of Environmental Factors in Disease 203

Discoveries Essential to Advent of Public Health 203

Evolutionary View of Hospital Services 204

Nursing Becomes Essential to Coherent Health Service 205

Chief Reasons for Revolutionary Gains in Health 205

Chronic Diseases Illustrate Future Challenges 206

Welfare Organization 207

Some Forerunners of Welfare Organization 208

Case Work—New Rationale and Method 209

Discoveries in St．Paul Indicate Major Need in Welfare Organizations 209

Recreational Organization 211

Recency of Many Recreational Demands 211

Recreation Gives Rise to Problems of Regulation 212

Recreation for All 213

Communities Vary Widely in Recreational Organization 214

Therapeutic Values of Recreation Uncertain 214

Educational Organization 214

Cabinet Post Combines Health，Education，and Welfare 214

Educational Functions Widely Diffused 215

Education Broader than Schooling 215

Average Educational Level Rising 216

Historically and Currently Schools Lack Integration 216

Investigation and Experimentation Needed 216

Toward Positive Community Organization 217

Health Organization Points the Way 217

Lag in Welfare Organization 217

Public Support and Participation Crucial 218

Economy and Efficiency Required 219

Two Types of Competence for Professional Service Personnel 219

For Investigation and Discussion 220

Bibliography 220

PART TWO．SOCIOLOGY APPLIED TO NURSING INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO 224

Chapter 12 CHANGING ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF HEALTH SERVICES 225

Emergence of Present-Day Health Services from a Disorganized Pattern of Care for the Sick 225

The Family Primarily Self-Sufficient in Most Illness Situations 226

Changes in Medical Care and Medical Practice 226

The Family Doctor 226

Contrasts in Cost of Medical Services 227

The Advent of the Specialist 227

Specialization in Medical Practice 227

Access to Clinics and Hospitals 228

Early Hospitals 228

Attitude toward Hospitalization 229

Personnel Involved in Care of the Patient 229

Modern Hospitals 229

Changing Role of the Hospital 229

Changes in Hospital Environment 229

Length of Hospital Stay 230

Change in Attitude about Hospitalization 230

Increasing Complexity of Relationships of Hospital Personnel 230

Team Concept of Care 231

Hospital Facilities More Readily Available to All 231

Health Services and the Consumer 231

The Consumer 231

Demand for Adequate Health Services 232

Public Relations 232

Broadening Concept of Health 233

Nurses＇Training Gives Way to Education for Nursing 233

Nursing Education 234

Nursing Service 235

Change in Concept of Nursing 235

Status and Role of the Nurse 236

Variations in the Community 239

Variations in the Work Environment 241

Summary 245

For Investigation and Discussion 246

Bibliography 247

Chapter 13 STRUCTURE OF NURSING SITUATIONS 248

Basic Understandings 248

Physical Aspects 248

Social Institutions in the Community 248

Population Characteristics 249

Differences in Urban and Rural Communities 249

Religion 250

Family Size 250

Income，Occupation，and Economic Status 251

Housing 252

Marriage Establishes the Family 254

Health Requirements for Marriage 254

Common-Law Marriage 254

Family Life 255

Establishing a Home 255

Class Differentiation in Families 256

Class Structure 256

Family Disintegration 256

Annulment 257

Desertion 257

Divorce 257

Separation 257

Family Relationships 259

Democracy in the Family 259

Autocracy in the Family 259

Effects on Planning 259

Other Assets of the Family Group 260

Educational Attainment 260

Intelligence 260

Skill of the Homemaker 261

Health Information 261

Health Status 261

Summary 262

For Investigation and Discussion 263

Bibliography 264

Chapter 14 NURSING SITUATIONS RELATING TO MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH 266

Cycle of Nurse＇s Contacts during This Period 266

Family Relationships 267

The Woman Who Is To Become a Mother 268

Family Customs 270

Family Attitudes 270

Relationships 271

Fears of Pregnancy 271

Admission to the Maternity Ward 273

Maternal and Newborn Mortality 273

Postnatal Period 275

Rooming-In 277

The Newborn 277

The Midwife 278

The Incomplete Family 279

The Unmarried Mother 279

Community Resources 282

Specialized Institutions That Aid Families in the Maternal and Newborn Period 282

National Institutions 282

Children＇s Bureau 282

Aid to Dependent Children of Social Security Act 283

State Institutions 283

Division of Child Hygiene，State Department of Health 283

Local Institutions 284

County Health Department 284

Hospitals 284

Maternity Homes 284

Homemaker Service 285

Temporary Home Placement in Foster Homes or Boarding Homes 285

Planned Parenthood 286

Summary 287

For Investigation and Discussion 288

Bibliography 288

Chapter 15 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE INFANT PERIOD OF LIFE 290

The Infant 290

Early Contacts 290

A Look at the Picture 291

The Place of the Infant in the Population 291

Mortality and Morbidity in the First Year of Life 291

The Infant and His Family 291

Family Structure 292

Husband-Father and Wife-Mother in Their New Roles 294

Housing 294

Family Economic Resources 294

Cultural Heritage Influences Parents 295

Orientation of Infant＇s Basic Sense of Emotional Security and Dependence 295

Attitude of Parents 296

Communication Early in Infancy 296

The Infant Begins Social Interaction 296

Control as Part of Interactive Process 297

Improved Care as a Result of Teaching 297

Culture and Satisfaction of Infant Needs 298

Impact of Culture 298

Individualization 298

Feeding Practices 299

Preventive Health Practices for the Infant 299

The Nurse and the Normal Infant 300

The Infant Becomes a Human Individual 301

From Biological Organism to Human Being 301

The Rise of the Self 301

Hospitalization of the Infant and Young Child 301

Admission Data and Uses 302

The Infant with Congenital Anomalies 303

Parents and the Premature 305

The Role of Government in Infant Care 306

Community Resources Offering Specialized Services 307

Summary 307

For Investigation and Discussion 308

Bibliography 309

Chapter 16 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE PRESCHOOL PERIOD 310

Life Begins To Have Real Meaning 310

Social World Enlarges 311

Play Groups 311

The Neighborhood 312

Development of Communication Skills Gives Impetus to Social Interaction 312

The Self Becomes a Reality 313

Emergence of a Person-ality 314

The Child Becomes a Personality 314

Parents Guide Personality Development 314

Structuring Environment for Optimum Growth and Development 314

Setting Limits for Behavior Maturation 314

Significance of Kinship Group 315

Sibling Group 316

Preparation of an Older Brother or Sister 316

The Child and Religious Influence 318

Bridging the Gap between Home and School 319

Day Care Centers 319

Continuing Preventive Health Practices 320

A Step-Mother or Step-Father 321

Foster Homes 322

Adoption 322

Summary 323

For Investigation and Discussion 324

Bibliography 324

Chapter 17 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE EARLY SCHOOL YEARS 326

The Niche of the Six-Twelve Year Age Group in Socioeconomic Strata of Society 327

Compendium of Physical Growth，Mental Development，and Acquired Skills 327

The Family 328

Recognition and Acceptance of Differences in Children 329

Responsibilities in an Enlarged Social World 329

Respect for Property Rights 329

Manners 329

Money 330

Communication 330

Personality Development Continues 330

The School Has an Important Role To Play 331

Group Adjustment in School Environment 332

Group Interaction Becomes More Diversified 332

Folkways Continue as a Means of Social Control 333

Mores 334

The Seed of Prejudice Is Sown 334

Meeting the Child＇s Needs for Sex Information 335

Health Needs 336

Remedial Defects 336

Hospitalization for the Older Child 337

Community Resources 338

Summary 338

For Investigation and Discussion 339

Bibliography 340

Chapter 18 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE TEENS 341

What Is the Child Like in His Teens？ 341

What Are Some of the Needs of the＂Normal＂Adolescent？ 342

The Adolescent and His Family 342

Intra-family Relationships 343

Inter-family Relationships 343

Groups and Their Influence 344

Gangs Come into Being 344

Cliques 344

Youth Organizations 345

Student Nurse Organizations 345

Minority Groups 345

School and the Teen-Ager 346

Sex Development 347

Dating and Courtship 347

Dating 348

Courtship 348

Preparing Young People To Be Parents 348

Marriage Counseling 349

Social Hygiene Association 349

Prejudice 349

Attitudes toward Health 350

Safety 350

Becoming Aware of Public Opinion 350

Child Labor Laws 351

Part-Time Employment 351

Delinquency 351

Choosing a Career 353

The Teen-Ager Becomes Aware of Factors That Limit Social Mobility 354

Culture and the Teen-Ager 354

Summary 355

For Investigation and Discussion 356

Bibliography 357

Chapter 19 NURSING SITUATIONS AND THE YOUNG ADULT 358

Population Changes and Satisfaction of Needs 358

Society＇s Benefits 359

Personal Satisfaction from Life 360

Position in the Social Structure 360

Personality 361

Years of School Completed 361

College Education 362

Employment 362

Career 364

Healthful Living 364

Marriage 364

Inception of Family 365

Cultural Conflicts in Marriage and Family Life 366

Age and Status in the Community 367

Manifestations of Personal Disorganization 367

Social Illnesses 367

Drug Addiction 368

Alcoholism 369

Prostitution 370

Suicide 370

Summary 371

For Investigation and Discussion 372

Bibliography 373

Chapter 20 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE MIDDLE YEARS 375

The Pattern of Family Life Changes 375

Basic Needs in Middle Life 376

Health Remains a Need 377

Physical and Mental Changes 378

The Nature of the Social World in Middle Years 379

Employment 379

Summary 380

For Investigation and Discussion 381

Bibliography 381

Chapter 21 NURSING SITUATIONS IN THE LATE YEARS OF LIFE 382

The Nurse and the Aged 382

America Is Fast Becoming a Society of Older People 382

Life Expectancy Is Increasing 383

People Spend Longer Years in Retirement 384

When Is a Person Old？ 385

Basic Needs Have Not Changed 385

Philosophy for Living 386

Personality 387

Spiritual Values 387

Education 387

Social Activity 388

Status of Older Persons 388

Recreation 389

Marital Status 389

Family Status 389

Housing and the Aged 390

Health in Old Age 390

Accidents and the Older Worker 391

Economic Status 391

Employment in Later Years 394

Retirement 395

Social Insurance Programs 395

Role and Function of Social Security Programs 396

Indigency in the Aged 396

Custodial Care for Senile Persons 397

The Role of the Community 398

Summary 398

For Investigation and Discussion 399

Bibliography 400

Chapter 22 NURSING SITUATIONS IN ACUTE ILLNESS 401

Application of Sociological Concepts Can Strengthen Comprehensive Nursing 401

Continuity of Care 403

Contrasting Physical Environments in Home and Hospital 404

Hospital Admission 405

Contrasting Social Environments in Health and Illness 406

Acute Illness Threatens Family Security 408

The Nurse-Patient Relationship in Acute Illness 409

Health Education as the Most Effective Tool for Avoiding Illness 410

Socio-economic Status and Incidence of Disease 411

Resources Which May Be Utilized To Cover Cost of Illness 411

Workmen＇s Compensation 412

Prepayment Plans 412

Other Sources 412

Summary 413

For Investigation and Discussion 414

Bibliography 415

Chapter 23 NURSING SITUATIONS IN LONG-TERM ILLNESS 416

Identification of the Major Disabling Diseases 416

Magnitude of the Problem of Chronicity 417

Age Selectivity 417

Prevention 419

Length of Disability Period 420

Personality 420

Housing Facilities 421

Influence on Family Living 422

Social Implications of Long-Term Illness 423

Economic Losses 423

Long-Term Hospitalization 424

Hospitalization for the Child with Long-Term Illness 425

Medically Indigent 426

Contrasts between Acute and Long-Term Illness 427

Chronic Diseases Which Result in Non-Disabling Conditions 427

Sex Differences in Disability 428

Mental Illness 428

Mental Illness as a Problem 429

Increasing Need for Institutional Facilities 429

Environmental Factors in Mental Illness 430

Family Strengths and Weaknesses 430

The Nurse and Mental Illness 431

Social Consequences of Deformities 432

The Role of the Social Case Worker 433

The Role of The Practical Nurse 433

Rehabilitation 434

Occupational Therapy as One of the Components of Rehabilitation 435

Physical Therapy 436

The Community 436

Summary 437

For Investigation and Discussion 438

Bibliography 439

Chapter 24 IN THE PROCESS OF TIME 441

The Framework within Which the Nurse Will Function 441

Responsibilities of Leaders in Nursing 443

Change 443

Democracy 443

Team Relationships and Group Action 444

Communication 445

Working with People 445

Understanding Others 446

Responsibility to Students 446

Evidence of Progress 447

Vital Attributes for the Nurse 449

Problems 452

For Investigation and Discussion 454

Bibliography 455

INDEX 457