The Middle East A Political and Economic Survey Third EditionPDF电子书下载

1．INTRODUCTION 1

THE REGION DEFINED 1

Geography，Climate，and Vegetation 1

Resources 2

International Importance 3

HISTORY AND POLITICS 4

The Arab Conquests 5

The Turks 6

The Crusades 6

The Ottoman Empire 7

Arab Nationalism 11

Pan-Islamism and Pan-Arabism 11

The Revolution of 1908 12

The First World War 12

The Arab Revolt 13

Partition and Mandates 13

The End of the Caliphate 17

Regional Relations 17

Arab Unity 18

Great-Power Rivalry between the Wars 19

The Second World War 24

Formation of the Arab League 25

The National Home and its Consequences 26

Middle East Defence 27

The Baghdad Pact 29

The Great Powers and the Middle East，1956-7 32

Middle East Realignments 36

The Future 40

FAITHS，SECTS，AND MINORITIES 42

Islam and the Arabs 42

Sects 43

The＇Legacy of Islam＇ 45

Minorities in the Islamic World 46

Armenians 47

Assyrians 48

Kurds 49

Christian Communities 50

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 52

Agriculture 53

Mining 56

The Oil Industry 57

Other Industry 63

Foreign Trade 64

Public Development Schemes 65

Foreign Aid 67

Conclusion 70

A NOTE ON THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE EAST 70

2．ARABIA 73

1．INTRODUCTION 73

The Land 73

The People 73

Political Divisions 75

2．SAUDI ARABIA 75

GEOGRAPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND： 76

The Holy Places and the Pilgrimage 76

The Ikhwan 77

HISTORY AND POLITICS： 78

History 78

Constitution and Government 80

Foreign Relations 81

Armed Forces 85

The Dhahran Air Base 85

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL： 86

The Oil Industry 86

Mining 88

Other Industries 88

Agriculture and Fisheries 88

Finance and Currency 89

Communications 91

Public Health and Education 92

THE FUTURE 93

3．YEMEN 94

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE： 95

History 95

Foreign Relations 96

Constitution and Government 98

ECONOMY AND RESOURCES： 99

Resources 99

Currency and Finance 101

Communications 101

United Nations Technical Assistance 101

CONCLUSION 102

4．ADEN COLONY AND PROTECTORATE 102

HISTORY AND POLITICS： 106

Foreign Relations 104

ADEN COLONY： 106

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE： 106

Population 106

Politics 107

Statements of Policy 107

Administration and Justice 108

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY： 108

Public Finance and Currency 108

Communications 109

Commerce and Trade 109

Local Products 110

Oil Refining 110

Other Industries 110

Development 111

Education 111

Health 111

Vital Statistics 112

Labour 112

ADEN PROTECTORATE： 113

The Land and the People 113

Climate 113

Population 113

Administration 114

Justice 114

Security 114

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY： 116

Public Finance and Currency 116

Agriculture 117

The Abyan Scheme 117

Commerce 117

Communications 118

Education 118

Health 118

CONCLUSION 119

5．THE PERSIAN GULF SHAIKHDOMS 119

Introduction 119

KUWAIT 122

The Land and the People 122

History 123

Natural Resources 124

Finance 125

Development 127

Foreign Trade 128

Politics 129

Social Impact of the Oil Industry 130

The Neutral Zone 130

BAHRAIN 132

History and Foreign Relations 132

Politics 133

Foreign Trade and Finance 135

Oil 136

QATAR 138

THE TRUCIAL COAST 140

6．MUSCAT AND OMAN 142

3．CYPRUS 147

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 147

HISTORY AND POLITICS 148

The Historical Background 148

The British Occupation 148

The Second World War and After 150

Enosis and Constitutional Reform 151

International Complications 152

The Outbreak of Terrorism 155

The Tripartite Conference 156

The State of Emergency 158

The Deportation of Makarios 160

The Truce 163

ADMINISTRATION AND JUSTICE 164

Political Groups 165

THE BASES 166

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY 167

Agriculture and Forestry 168

Water-Supplies 169

The Co-operative Movement 170

Mining and Industry 170

Communications 171

Foreign Trade 172

Public Finance and Currency 173

Economic Prospects and the Development Programme 174

Labour and Trade Unionism 176

Education 177

Public Health and Welfare 178

4．EGYPT 179

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 179

Population 179

Religion 180

HISTORY AND POLITICS 181

Mohammed Ali and his Successors 181

The British Occupation 183

Politics and Anglo-Egyptian Relations 1923-47 185

THE REVOLUTION AND AFTER 190

1953 193

1954 196

1955 199

1956 202

1957 208

SOCIAL SURVEY 211

Social Welfare and Foreign Aid 211

Labour，Trade Unionism，and Social Security 212

The Position of Women 213

Education 214

Cultural and Political Influence in the Arab World and in Africa 215

ECONOMIC SURVEY 215

The Economic Background： 215

the Nile 215

Agricultural Production 218

Land Reform and Land Settlement 219

National Planning and Industrial Development 221

Oil and Other Mineral Resources 222

Communications 223

Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments 223

The Sterling Balances Question 226

Banking 228

Public Finance 230

APPENDIX Ⅰ．THE SUEZ CANAL 231

APPENDIX Ⅱ．THE HIGH DAM 235

5．IRAQ 237

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 237

The People 238

RELIGIONS 239

HISTORY AND POLITICS 241

The Period 1914-45 243

Iraq since the Second World War 246

The Suez Crisis 250

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION 251

Administration 252

Armed Forces and Police 252

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY 252

Public Health 252

Education 253

Labour 255

Economic Resources 255

Development 256

Agriculture 257

Forests 259

Problems of Agriculture 260

Irrigation 260

Land Tenure and Conditions of Cultivation 261

Livestock 263

The Oil Industry 263

Other Industries 266

Communications 267

Foreign Trade 269

Banking and Currency 272

Public Finance 273

6．ISRAEL 275

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 275

Population 278

Immigration 279

The Arabs in Israel 282

Integration of Immigrants 284

HISTORY AND POLITICS 284

The Mandate 285

The State of Israel and the Palestine War 287

The Arab-Israeli Conflict 288

The Sinai Campaign 289

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION 291

Political Parties 292

Political Developments and Foreign Policy 294

SOCIAL SURVEY 296

Education 296

Cultural Development 298

Health Services 299

Labour and Trade Unions 300

ECONOMIC SURVEY 301

Pattern of the Economy 302

Agriculture 303

Industry 304

Oil 306

Currency 307

Government Finance 307

Inflation 310

The Need for Capital 311

Foreign Aid 312

Foreign Exchange 312

Foreign Trade 314

Water-Supplies and Irrigation 315

Forestry 317

Agricultural Settlements 317

Communications 318

7．THE HASHIMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN 321

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 321

Jerusalem and the Holy Places 323

Religious and Racial Minorities 324

HISTORY AND POLITICS 324

The Mandate 325

The Treaties with Britain 326

The Palestine War and its Aftermath 327

The Events of 1954-7 330

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION 334

Armed Forces 335

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 336

Social Conditions in East and West Jordan 336

Education 337

Agriculture and Irrigation Schemes 338

Minerals and Industrial Development 340

Communications 342

Foreign Trade 342

Currency and Banking 345

Public Finance 345

8．LEBANON 350

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 350

External Relations 352

SOCIAL SURVEY 355

The Press 356

Education 356

ECONOMIC SURVEY 357

Demographic Structure 357

Agriculture 358

Commerce 360

Industry 360

Communications 361

Foreign Trade 362

Currency and Banking 363

Public Finance and Development 363

Conclusion 364

STATISTICAL APPENDIX 365

9．PERSIA 368

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 368

The People 369

Language 370

Religion 371

HISTORY AND POLITICS 371

Arabs，Turks，and Mongols 372

The Safavids 373

The Qajars 374

Riza Shah and Modern Persia 376

The Second World War 377

The Persian-Soviet Dispute and the Separatist Movements 380

The American-Persian Military Agreement 381

Nationalization of the Oil Industry 382

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 386

The Majlis 387

The Senate 387

Justice 387

Security 388

Political Parties 388

SOCIAL SURVEY 389

Education 389

The Press and Broadcasting 390

Health 390

Labour 391

Social Insurance 392

ECONOMIC SURVEY 392

Agriculture 392

Livestock 393

Irrigation 394

Forests 394

Land Reform and Rural Development 394

The Oil Industry 396

General Industry 399

Communications 401

Foreign Trade 402

Foreign Aid 407

Currency，Banking，and Insurance 408

Public Finance 410

The Seven Year Plans 412

10．THE SUDAN 414

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 414

The Climate 414

The People 415

The Northern Sudan 416

The Southern Sudan 417

HISTORY AND POLITICS 418

The Turco-Egyptian Period 418

The Anglo-Egyptian Convention and the Condominium 421

The New Ad-ministration 421

Slavery 422

Political Developments under the Condominium 422

Anglo-Egyptian Differences over the Sudan 423

Nationalism and the Development of Political Parties 424

Progress towards Self-Government 426

The Transfer of Power 428

Mutiny in the South 430

The Independent Sudan 431

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 433

The Transitional Constitution 433

The Central Government 433

Local Government 434

The Civil Service 434

The Judiciary 435

Security 435

SOCIAL SURVEY 436

Education 436

Public Health 437

Labour 437

Cooperative Societies 438

ECONOMIC SURVEY 438

Agriculture and Forests 439

Irrigation 441

The Gezira Scheme 441

Other Agricultural Development 443

Foreign Trade 444

Communications 445

Economic Policy 446

Development 448

11．STRIA 450

1．SYRIA AND LEBANON 450

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE：The People 452

HISTORY：The French Mandate 457

2．SYRIA 460

POST-WAR HISTORY AND POLITICS： 469

The Constitution 469

Political Parties 469

Foreign Policy 471

SOCIAL SURVEY： 473

Health 473

Education 474

ECONOMIC SURVEY： 474

National Income 474

Agriculture 475

Industry 478

Communications 479

Commerce 481

Foreign Trade 481

Currency and Banking 483

Public Finance and Development 485

Conclusion 487

12．TURKEY 488

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 488

The Turks 489

The Population 490

Immigration 492

HISTORY AND POLITICS 493

The Ottoman Empire 493

The Republic and the Constitution 495

The Reforms 496

Democracy in Action 497

Administration 498

Foreign Relations 499

The Armed Forces 504

SOCIAL SURVEY 504

General Structure 504

Women and Family Life 505

Housing and Clothing 505

Health 506

Education 507

Religion 509

The Arts 510

The Press 510

Labour 511

ECONOMIC SURVEY 512

General Economy 512

Agricultural Production 513

Agricultural Development and Land Tenure 515

Forestry and Fishing 517

Mining 517

Electric Power 518

Industrial Production 519

Etatism and Private Investment 521

Foreign Aid and Investment 522

Banking 524

The National Budget 524

The Public Debt 525

Price Trends and Internal Trade 526

Transport and Communications 526

Foreign Trade 528

CONCLUSION 531

POSTSCRIPT 532

APPENDICES 534

Ⅰ．Statistics：General Data 534

1．Growth of Population 534

2．Estimates of Area and Population 535

3．Agricultural Production 536

4．National Income in Selected Countries 537

5．Official Currency Values 538

6．Cost-of-Living Indices 538

7．Value of Middle East Trade 538

8．Direction of Trade 539

Ⅱ．Middle East Oil in the World Economy 540

1．Proven Reserves of Oil 540

2．World Production and Consumption，1938—56 541

3．Principal Oil Producing Companies and Concessions in the Middle East 542

4．Middle East Crude Oil and Natural Gasolene Production，1938-56 545

5．Principal Crude Oil Pipelines in the Middle East 545

6．Refineries in the Middle East 546

7．Tankers Passing through the Suez Canal，1938-55 546

READING LIST 547

INDEX 557