The Reformation A History of European Civilization From Wyclif to Calvin:1300-1564PDF电子书下载

BOOK Ⅰ：FROM WYCLIF TO LUTHER：1300-1517 1

Chapter Ⅰ．THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH：1300-1517 3

Ⅰ．The Services of Christianity 3

Ⅱ．The Church at Nadir 6

Ⅲ．The Triumphant Papacy 11

Ⅳ．The Changing Environment 14

Ⅴ．The Case against the Church 17

Chapter Ⅱ．ENGLAND：WYCLIF，CHAUCER，AND THE GREAT REVOLT：1308-1400 26

Ⅰ．The Government 26

Ⅱ．John Wyclif 30

Ⅲ．The Great Revolt 37

Ⅳ．The New Literature 45

Ⅴ．Geoffrey Chaucer 47

Ⅵ．Richard Ⅱ 56

Chapter Ⅲ．FRANCE BESIEGED：1300-1461 58

Ⅰ．The French Scene 58

Ⅱ．The Road to Crécy 61

Ⅲ．Black Death and Other 64

Ⅳ．Revolution and Renewal 65

Ⅴ．The Mad King 69

Ⅵ．Life among the Ruins 71

Ⅶ．Letters 75

Ⅷ．Art 78

Ⅸ．Joan of Arc 81

Ⅹ．France Survives 86

Chapter Ⅳ．GALLIA PHOENIX：1453-1515 89

Ⅰ．Louis XI 89

Ⅱ．Italian Adventure 93

Ⅲ．The Rise of the Chateaux 96

Ⅳ．Francois Viollon 99

Chapter Ⅴ．ENGLAND IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY：1399-1509 106

Ⅰ．Kings 106

Ⅱ．The Growth of Wealth 109

Ⅲ．Morals and Manners 111

Ⅳ．The Lollards 115

Ⅴ．English Art 118

Ⅵ．Caxton and Malory 120

Ⅶ．The English Humanists 122

Chapter Ⅵ．EPISODE IN BURGUNDY：1363-1515 126

Ⅰ．The Royal Dukes 126

Ⅱ．The Religious Spirit 127

Ⅲ．Sparkling Burgundy 130

Ⅳ．Charles the Bold 134

Ⅴ．Art in the Lowlands 136

Chapter Ⅶ．MIDDLE EUROPE：1300-1460 143

Ⅰ．Land and Labor 143

Ⅱ．The Organization of Order 145

Ⅲ．Germany Challenges the Church 147

Ⅳ．The Mystics 152

Ⅴ．The Arts 154

Ⅵ．Gutenberg 156

Chapter Ⅷ．THE WESTERN SLAVS：1300-1517 161

Ⅰ．Bohemia 161

Ⅱ．John Huss 163

Ⅲ．The Bohemian Revolution 167

Ⅳ．Poland 172

Chapter Ⅸ．THE OTTOMAN TIDE：1300-1516 175

Ⅰ．Second Blooming in Byzantium 175

Ⅱ．The Balkans Meet the Turks 178

Ⅲ．The Last Years of Constantinople 181

Ⅳ．Hunyadi Janos 184

Ⅴ．The Tide at Full 186

Ⅵ．The Hungarian Renaissance 187

Chapter Ⅹ．PORTUGAL INAUGURATES THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION：1300-1517 191

Chapter Ⅺ．SPAIN：1300-1517 197

Ⅰ．The Spanish Scene 197

Ⅱ．Granada 201

Ⅲ．Ferdinand and Isabella 204

Ⅳ．The Methods of the Inquisition 208

Ⅴ．Progress of the Inquisition 213

Ⅵ．In Exitu Israel 216

Ⅶ．Spanish Art 220

Ⅷ．Spanish Literature 224

Ⅸ．Sovereign Death 226

Chapter Ⅻ．THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE：1300-1517 230

Ⅰ．The Magicians 230

Ⅱ．The Teachers 235

Ⅲ．The Scientists 238

Ⅳ．The Healers 243

Ⅴ．The Philosophers 246

Ⅵ．The Reformers 251

Chapter ⅩⅢ．THE CONQUEST OF THE SEA：1492-1517 258

Ⅰ．Columbus 258

Ⅱ．America 261

Ⅲ．The Waters of Bitterness 263

Ⅳ．The New Perspective 268

Chapter ⅩⅣ．ERASMUS THE FORERUNNER：1469-1517 271

Ⅰ．The Education of a Humanist 271

Ⅱ．The Peripatetic 273

Ⅲ．The Satirist 276

Ⅳ．The Scholar 283

Ⅴ．The Philosopher 286

Ⅵ．The Man 289

Chapter ⅩⅤ．GERMANY ON THE EVE OF LUTHER：1453-1517 293

Ⅰ．The Age of the Fuggers 293

Ⅱ．The State 299

Ⅲ．The Germans 302

Ⅳ．The Maturing of German Art 306

Ⅴ．Albrecht Dürer 311

Ⅵ．The German Humanists 320

Ⅶ．Ulrich von Hutten 325

Ⅷ．The German Church 328

BOOK Ⅱ：THE RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION：1517-64 335

Chapter ⅩⅥ．LUTHER：THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY：1517-24 337

Ⅰ．Tetzel 337

Ⅱ．The Genesis of Luther 341

Ⅲ．The Revolution Takes Form 345

Ⅳ．Bulls and Blasts 352

Ⅴ．The Diet of Worms 357

Ⅵ．The Radicals 363

Ⅶ．The Foundations of Faith 368

Ⅷ．Luther＇s Theology 371

Ⅸ．The Revolutionist 377

Chapter ⅩⅦ．THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION：1522-36 380

Ⅰ．The Mounting Revolt 380

Ⅱ．The Peasants＇War 382

Ⅲ．The Anabaptists Try Communism 395

Chapter ⅩⅧ．ZWINGLI：THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND：1477-1531 403

Ⅰ．Multum in Parvo 403

Ⅱ．Zwingli 404

Ⅲ．The Zwinglian Reformation 406

Ⅳ．Onward，Christian Soldiers 410

Chapter ⅩⅨ．LUTHER AND ERASMUS：1517-36 415

Ⅰ．Luther 415

Ⅱ．The Intolerant Heretics 420

Ⅲ．The Humanists and the Reformation 425

Ⅳ．Erasmus Appendix 427

Chapter ⅩⅩ．THE FAITHS AT WAR：1526-60 438

Ⅰ．The Protestant Advance 438

Ⅱ．The Diets Disagree 441

Ⅲ．The Lion of Wittenberg 447

Ⅳ．The Triumph of Protestantism 453

Chapter ⅩⅪ．JOHN CALVIN：1509-64 459

Ⅰ．Youth 459

Ⅱ．The Theologian 460

Ⅲ．Geneva and Strasbourg 467

Ⅳ．The City of God 472

Ⅴ．The Conflicts of Calvin 476

Ⅵ．Michael Servetus 479

Ⅶ．An Appeal for Toleration 484

Ⅷ．Calvin to the End 487

Chapter ⅩⅫ．FRANCIS I AND THE REFORMATION IN FRANCE：1515-59 491

Ⅰ．Le Roi Grand Nez 491

Ⅱ．France in 1515 493

Ⅲ．Marguerite of Navarre 497

Ⅳ．The French Protestants 501

Ⅴ．Hapsburg and Valois 506

Ⅵ．War and Peace 512

Ⅶ．Diane de Poitiers 518

Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ．HENRY VIII AND CARDINAL WOLSEY：1509-29 523

Ⅰ．A Promising King 523

Ⅱ．Wolsey 525

Ⅲ．Wolsey and the Church 529

Ⅳ．The King＇s＂Divorce＂ 535

Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ．HENRY VIII AND THOMAS MORE：1529-35 543

Ⅰ．The Reformation Parliament 543

Ⅱ．The Utopian 550

Ⅲ．The Martyr 555

Ⅳ．A Tale of Three Queens 558

Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ．HENRY Ⅷ AND THE MONASTERIES：1535-47 563

Ⅰ．The Technique of Dissolution 563

Ⅱ．The Obstinate Irish 569

Ⅲ．Every Ounce a King 570

Ⅳ．The Dragon Retires 573

Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ．EDWARD VI AND MARY TUDOR：1547-58 579

Ⅰ．The Somerset Protectorate 579

Ⅱ．The Warwick Protectorate 583

Ⅲ．The Gentle Queen 587

Ⅳ．＂Bloody Mary＂ 593

Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ．FROM ROBERT BRUCE TO JOHN KNOX：1300-1561 602

Ⅰ．The Indomitable Scots 602

Ⅱ．Royal Chronicle 604

Ⅲ．John Knox 607

Ⅳ．The Congregation of Jesus Christ 615

Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ．THE MIGRATIONS OF REFORM：1517-60 621

Ⅰ．The Scandinavian Scene 621

Ⅱ．The Swedish Reformation 623

Ⅲ．The Danish Reformation 627

Ⅳ．Protestantism in Eastern Europe 629

Ⅴ．Charles V and the Netherlands 631

Ⅵ．Spain 637

1．The Revolt of the Comuneros 637

2．The Spanish Protestants 639

3．The Emperor Passes 641

BOOK Ⅲ．THE STRANGERS IN THE GATE：1300-1566 645

Chapter ⅩⅩⅨ．THE UNIFICATION OF RUSSIA：1300-1584 647

Ⅰ．The People 647

Ⅱ．The Princes of Moscow 650

Ⅲ．Ivan the Terrible 653

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩ．THE GENIUS OF ISLAM：1258-1520 663

Ⅰ．The Il-Khans of Persia 664

Ⅱ．Hafiz 666

Ⅲ．Timur 671

Ⅳ．The Mamluks 676

Ⅴ．The Ottomans 678

Ⅵ．Islamic Literature 681

Ⅶ．Art in Asiatic Islam 684

Ⅷ．Islamic Thought 689

Chapter ⅩⅩⅪ．SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT：1520-66 695

Ⅰ．African Islam 695

Ⅱ．Safavid Persia 698

Ⅲ．Suleiman and the West 702

Ⅳ．Ottoman Civilization 707

1．Government 707

2．Morals 711

3．Letters and Arts 714

Ⅴ．Suleiman Himself 716

Chapter ⅩⅩⅫ．THE JEWS：1300-1564 720

Ⅰ．The Wanderers 720

Ⅱ．On the Rack 727

Ⅲ．The Second Dispersion 734

Ⅳ．The Technique of Survival 737

Ⅴ．Jewish Thought 741

BOOK Ⅳ：BEHIND THE SCENES：1517-64 749

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 751

Ⅰ．The Economy 751

Ⅱ．Law 757

Ⅲ．Morals 760

Ⅳ．Manners 766

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅣ．MUSIC：1300-1564 771

Ⅰ．The Instruments 771

Ⅱ．The Flemish Ascendancy 773

Ⅲ．Music and the Reformation 777

Ⅳ．Palestrina 779

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅤ．LITERATURE IN THE AGE OF RABELAIS 784

Ⅰ．Of Making Books 784

Ⅱ．Schools 786

Ⅲ．Scholars 790

Ⅳ．The French Renaissance 792

Ⅴ．Rabelais 795

1．Himself 795

2．Gargantua 799

3．Pantagruel 801

4．The King＇s Jester 804

Ⅵ．Ronsard and the Pléiade 807

Ⅶ．Wyatt and Surrey 811

Ⅷ．Hans Sachs 812

Ⅸ．The Iberian Muse 814

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅥ．ART IN THE AGE OF HOLBEIN 820

Ⅰ．Art，the Reformation，and the Renaissance 820

Ⅱ．The Art of the French Renaissance 822

1．＂A Malady of Build-ing＂ 822

2．The Ancillary Arts 828

Ⅲ．Pieter Brueghel 831

Ⅳ．Cranach and the Germans 835

Ⅴ．The Tudor Style 838

Ⅵ．Holbein the Younger 840

Ⅶ．Art in Spain and Portugal 845

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅦ．SCIENCE IN THE AGE OF COPERNICUS 849

Ⅰ．The Cult of the Occult 849

Ⅱ．The Copernican Revolution 855

Ⅲ．Magellan and the Discov-ery of the Earth 863

Ⅳ．The Resurrection of Biology 867

Ⅴ．Vesalius 869

Ⅵ．The Rise of Surgery 873

Ⅶ．Paracelsus and the Doctors 875

Ⅷ．The Skeptics 881

Ⅸ．Ramus and the Philosophers 883

BOOK Ⅴ：THE COUNTER REFORMATION：1517-65 889

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅧ．THE CHURCH AND REFORM 891

Ⅰ．Italian Protestant Reformers 891

Ⅱ．Italian Catholic Reformers 895

Ⅲ．St．Teresa and Monastic Reform 899

Ⅳ．Ignatius Loyola 905

Ⅴ．The Jesuits 911

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅨ．THE POPES AND THE COUNCIL 917

Ⅰ．The Popes at Bay 917

Ⅱ．Censorship and Inquisition 923

Ⅲ．The Council of Trent 927

EPILOGUE：RENAISSANCE，REFORMATION，AND ENLIGHTENMENT 935

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE 941

NOTES 953

INDEX 979