A Textbook of NeuropathologyPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ．THE CONFINES OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 1

References 4

Ⅱ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 5

References 16

Ⅲ．PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATION 17

Pathogenesis 17

Morphological Alterations 24

References 27

Ⅳ．DEGENERATION 30

Major Causes 30

A．Degenerative Alterations 32

DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Degeneration of Nerve Fibers：SECONDARY-PRIMARY 32

Degeneration of the Tissues of the Central Nervous System as a Whole：NECROSIS-MALACIA 36

Degeneration and Alteration of the Nerve Cells 42

Degeneration and Alteration of Neuroglia 47

DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Systemic Causes 49

Local Causes 50

Degeneration of Nerve Fibers 50

Degeneration of Tissues of Peripheral Nervous Systems as a Whole 53

B．Degenerative Diseases 53

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 53

1．Degenerative Disease，Cause Unknown or not Universally Agreed Upon，and Degenerative Histopathological States Resulting from a Variety of Factors 54

Multiple Sclerosis 54

Acute Multiple Sclerosis 57

Optic Neuritis；Retrobulbar Neuritis；Neuro-Optic Myelitis 58

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 59

Acute Leuco-Encephalomyelopathy 62

Multiple Degenerative Softenig 63

Acute and Subacute Necrotic Myelopathy 64

Acute and Subacute Necrotic Encephalopathy 64

Residual States Followig Parenchymatous Degeneration 66

Cerebral Degeneration：LATE CHANGES IN LITTLE＇S DISEASE-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING ADULT TRAUMA，INTERNAL HYDROCEPHALUS，PORENCEPHALY，ETC．-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL STATES 66

Cerebellar Degeneration：PARENCHYMATOUS CORTICAL CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION 68

Spinal Cord Degeneration：LATE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA-LATE EFFECTS OF CAISSON DISEASE-LATE EFFECTS OF ACUTE ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS 70

2．Degenerative Disease Resulting from Nutritional Deficiencies 71

Nervous System Disease Complicating Pernicious Anemia 72

Vitamin B Complex Deficiency 75

3．Degenerative Diseases of Heredofamilial Origin 76

Lipid Dystrophies 77

Huntington＇s Chorea 80

Wilson＇s Disease(Hepatolenticular Degeneration) 81

Cerebellar Ataxias 82

Spinal Form：FRIEDREICH＇S ATAXIA 83

Olivopontocerebellar Form(Dejerine-Thomas) 83

Cerebellar Form：FAMILIAL DEGENERATION OF THE CEREBELLUM，ETC 84

Mixed Forms：POLYMORPHOUS NEURO-ABIOTROPHY 85

Diffuse Sclerosis(Schilder＇s Disease) 86

4．Degenerative Disease Developing During the Senium and Presenium 88

5．Degenerative States Resulting from Anatomical Denervation 93

Crossed Atrophy of the Cerebellum 93

Retrograde Nerve Cell Changes in Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 94

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 96

Mononeuritis 96

Polyneuritis 97

Resulting from Nutritional Deficiency and Intoxication 97

Resulting from Infectious Disease 98

Resulting from Heredofamilial Taint 98

References 101

Ⅴ．REGENERATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 109

Regeneration in the Central Nervous System 109

Regeneration in Sensory and Sympathetic Ganglia 109

Regeneration of Nerve Roots 110

Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Fibers 110

References 113

Ⅵ．INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 115

General Considerations 115

A．Morbid Anatomic Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 119

MENINGITIS 119

Leptomeningitis 119

Pachymeningitis 122

ENCEPHALOMYELITIS 123

Suppurative：BRAIN ABSCESS，SPINAL CORD ABSCESS，SUPPURATIVE EPENDYMITIS 123

Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis 125

Transitions Between Encephalomyelitis and Encephalomyelopathy 130

Hemorrhagic，Malacic，Necrotic and Proliferative Types of Encephalomyelitis 131

B．Etiological Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 133

1．NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS 133

Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis(Heine-Medin Disease) 134

Rabies 135

Herpes Zoster 136

Epidemic Encephalitis 137

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis 139

2．SYPHILIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 140

General Considerations and the Gumma 140

Syphilitic Leptomeningitis 141

Syphilitic Vascular Disease 143

Disseminated Syphilis of the Nervous System 143

Chronic Syphilitic Meningo-Encephalitis(General Paresis) 144

Tabes Dorsalis 146

Syphilitic Myelitis 149

Erb＇s Spastic Spinal Syphilis 150

Syphilitic Optic Atrophy 150

The So-Called Syphilitic Amyotrophies 150

Syphilitic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis(Panmeningitis) 152

3．TUBERCULOSIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 152

General Considerations and the Tuberculoma 152

Tuberculous Leptomeningitis 154

Chronic Tuberculous Meningo-Encephalitis 156

4．MYCOTIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 157

Actinomycosis 157

Cryptococcosis(Torulosis) 158

Coccidioidomycosis(Coccidioidal Granuloma；Valley or Desert Fever) 159

Blastomycosis 160

5．PARASITIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 161

Protozoan Diseases 161

Malaria 161

Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness) 162

American Trypanosomiasis 163

Toxoplasmosis 163

Worm Infestations 164

Cysticercus Cellulosis 164

Echinococcus(Hydatid Disease) 165

Trichinosis 165

6．POSTINFECTIOUS AND POSTVACCINAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS 166

Vaccinia and Rabies Vaccine Encephalomyelitis； Postmeasles Encephalomyelitis 166

7．NEUROTOXIC DISOBDERS OF INFECTIOUS ORIGIN 168

Tetanus 168

Diphtheria 169

8．RICKETTSIAL DISORDERS 169

Typhus Fever；Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 169

9．RHEUMATIC AND ENDOCARDITIC DISORDERS AND THE VASCULAR ALTERATIONS IN INTOXICATIONS 170

Malignant Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis 170

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditic(Endocarditis Lenta)Encephalomyelitis 172

Rheumatic Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis 172

Productive Capillary and Endarteritic Changes in Severe Toxemia 173

C．Blastomatous States Resembling Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 174

References 174

Ⅶ．HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULAR DISORDERS 183

A．Hemorrhage 183

EXTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE 184

SUBDURAL OR INTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE．SUBDURAL HEMATOMA(So-Called Pachymeningitis Haemorrhagica Interna) 184

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE 187

Primary Hemorrhage 187

Aneurysms in the Basilar Cerebral Arteries：Congenital-Arteriosclerotic-Mycotic 187

Secondary Hemorrhage 190

INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE 190

HEMORRHAGE WITHIN THE BRAIN SUBSTANCE 190

Massive Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage；Brain Purpura；Traumatic Hemorrhage 192

HEMATOMYELIA 195

B．Vascular Disorders 196

INFLAMMATORY TYPES 196

Arteritis 196

Phlebitis 199

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS 200

Arteriosclerosis 200

Arteriofibrosis 202

Arterial Necrosis 202

Capillary Sclerosis 202

Angiodegeneration of Deficiency Origin：Cerebral Beriberi(Wernicke＇s Encephalopathy-Polioencephalitis Haemorrhagica Superior) 203

OCCLUSIVE DISORDERS OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS 204

Non-Septic Venous Thrombosis 204

Embolism 205

Caisson Disease or Aeropathy 205

Arterial Occlusion Syndromes 206

VASCULAR TUMORS AND MALFORMATIONS 209

General Considerations 209

Hemangioblastoma 210

Hemangio-Endothelioma，Angio-Endothelioma and Angiosarcoma 210

Hemangioma 212

Telangiectasis 212

Racemose Venous Angioma 213

Arterial Angioma 213

Secondary Arteriovenous Communications or Aneurysms 215

References 216

Ⅷ．HYDROPS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RELATED STATES 219

Edema of the Brain 219

Edema of the Spinal Cord and Nerves 221

Hydrocephalus 221

Porencephaly 223

Hydromyelia 224

Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia 224

Pseudosyringomyelia 228

Subdural Hydroma(Subdural Hygroma-External Hydrocephalus) 229

References 230

Ⅸ．HYPERPLASIA IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 231

A．Hyperplasia of Neuro-Epithelial Derivatives 231

B．Hyperplasia of the Meningovascular Derivatives 233

HYPERPLASIA OF THE DURA MATER 233

HYPERPLASIA OF THE PIA-ARACHNOID 233

Chronic Adhesive Spinal Arachnoiditis 235

HYPERPLASIA OF THE MENINGOVASCULAR EXTENSIONS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM：IN THE MEDULLARY SUBSTANCE-IN THE CORES OF THE CHOROID PLEXUSES 236

References 237

Ⅹ．NEOPLASMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 239

General Considerations 239

A．Neoplasms of Neuro-Epithelial Origin 242

NEURO-EPITHELIOMA 243

MEDULLO-EPITHELIOMA 244

CHOROIDAL EPITHELIUM AND PAPILLOMA OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS 245

PARAPHYSIAL EPITHELIUM AND PARAPHYSIAL CYSTS(Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle) 247

EPENDYMAL EPITHELIUM AND EPENDYMAL TUMORS 248

PINEAL PARENCHYMA；PINEALOMA AND PINEALOBLASTOMA 250

MEDULLOBLASTS AND MEDULLOBLASTOMA 252

RETINOBLASTS AND RETINOBLASTOMA 253

SYMPATHOGONIOMAS；SYMPATHOBLASTOMAS；NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIONEUROMAS(of Peripheral Origin)；PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS 255

NEUROMA 256

CENTRAL NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIOCYTOMAS 257

GANGLIOGLIONEUROMA 257

SPONGIOBLASTS AND POLAR SPONGIOBLASTOMAS(Spongioblastoma Polare) 258

MULTIFORM SPONGIOBLASTOMAS；GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME，SPONGIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME 261

ASTROCYTOMA 264

OLIGODENDROGLIACYTES AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMA 267

B．Primary Neoplasms of the Craniovertebral Structures，the Meninges，the Meningeal Prolongations Within the Brain and Spinal Cord and of the Nerve Roots and Peripheral Nerves 267

CRANIOVERTEBRAL NEOPLASMS 268

TUMORS ARISING FROM THE MENINGES 271

From the Dura Mater 272

From the Leptomeninx 277

TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES AND THEIR ROOTS 282

C．The Neurocutaneous Syndromes and Related States 285

MULTIPLE NEUROFIBROMATOSIS(von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System) 285

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS(Bourneville＇s Disease) 289

MULTIPLE HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS(von Hippel-Lindau Disease) 292

CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL ANGIOMATOSIS(Sturge-Weber-Dimitri Disease) 293

CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL MELANOMATOSIS 296

D．Neoplasms Arising from the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis and Its Anlage 297

HYPOPHYSIAL ADENOMAS AND HYPERPLASIA 298

E．Craniospinal Teratomas，Teratoids，Dermoids，Epidermoids and Related New Growths 302

F．Invasive and Metastatic Tumors 305

G．Pathological States Resembling or Related to the Neoplastic State 309

LEUKEMIA 309

HODGKIN＇S DISEASE 310

References 310

Ⅺ．MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS COVERINGS 321

A．Malformation in the Spinal Region 321

SPINAL DYSRAPHISM(Spina Bifida) 321

B．Malformations in the Cephalic Region 331

MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AND ITS COVERINGS 331

Cranioschisis 331

Cranium Bifidum，Cephalic Meningocele and Meningo-Encephalocele 332

MALFORMATIONS OF THE SKULL 333

Platybasia 333

Oxycephaly 333

Crouzon＇s Disease 334

Hypertelorism 334

MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AS A WHOLE 334

MALFORMATIONS OF THE HINDBRAIN 335

Cerebellum 335

Pons and Medulla Oblongata 337

Choroid Plexus and Leptomeningeal Malformations 337

The Arnold-Chiari Abnormality 337

MALFORMATIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN 337

Congenital Stenosis of the Aqueduct of Sylvius 337

Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Motor Nerve Cells in the Oculomotor Nuclei 338

MALFORMATIONS OF THE FOREBRAIN 338

Dysraphic States 340

Cyclopia 340

Arhinencephaly 341

Malformations of the Corpus Callosum 342

Malformations of the Septum Pellucidum 342

Dilatation of the Cavum Septi Pellucidi and Cavum Vergae 343

Ependymal Streaks 343

Developmental Anomalies of the Cerebral Cortex 343

Heterotopic Masses of Nerve and Glia Cells 346

Developmental Anomalies in Tuberous Sclerosis and von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System 347

References 348

Ⅻ．DEFORMITIES AND ARTEFACTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 351

Deformities of the Nervous System 351

HERNIATIONS 351

MENINGOCELES 352

ARNOLD-CHIARI DEFORMITY 354

DEFORMITIES OF THE AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS 355

HYDROCEPHALUS：OBSTRUCTIVE AND EX VACUO FORMS 355

DEFORMITIES INCIDENT TO HEMORRHAGE，TUMORS，DEGENERATION，ETC 358

Artefacts of the Nervous System 358

ARTEFACTS FROM FAULTY REMOVAL 358

ARTEFACTS FROM POSTMORTEM CHANGE 359

ARTEFACTS FROM SHRINKAGE 359

References 360

ⅩⅢ．ADVENTITIOUS AND METABOLIC SUBSTANCES 361

Lipid Substances 361

Pigments 363

Hyaline Substances 366

Inorganic Substances 368

Pathogenic Organisms 370

Argentophil Bodies 371

Miscellaneous Substances 371

References 372

ⅩⅣ．MUSCULAR DISORDERS AND RELATED STATES 374

A．Congenital Muscle Defects 374

B．Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscle 375

C．Muscular Dystrophy(Primary Muscular Atrophy) 376

D．Myotonia Dystrophica(Myotonia Atrophica)；Myotonia Congenita(Thomsen＇s Disease) 377

E．Myasthenia Gravis 378

F．Muscular Atrophy(Secondary) 379

G．Amyotonia Congenita(Myatonia Congenita or Oppenheim＇s Disease)and Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease(Infantile Progressive Spinal Atrophy) 381

H．Myositis 382

I．Muscular Paralysis(MISCELLANEOUS) 383

References 383

ⅩⅤ．SYNDROMES，PARALYSES，AND UNCOMMON DISEASES 386

1．Adie＇s Syndrome 386

2．Adiposis Dolorosa 387

3．Adiposogenital Syndrome 387

4．Anton＇s Syndrome 387

5．Aran-Duchenne Paralysis 387

6．Athetosis 387

7．Athetosis，Double 388

8．Auriculotemporal Syndrome 388

9．Syndrome of Avellis 388

10．Bell＇s Palsy 388

11．Benedikt＇s Syndrome 388

12．Syndrome of Bernhardt and Roth 388

13．Brown-Sequard Syndrome 388

14．Carotid Sinus Syndrome 389

15．Catalepsy 389

16．Cataplexy 389

17．Causalgia 389

18．Syndrome of Cerebral Diplegia 389

19．Cervical Rib Syndrome 389

20．Cervical Sympathetic Paralysis 390

21．Syndrome of Cestan-Chenais 390

22．Chorea：a)Choreo-Athetosis，b)Electric Chorea of Dubini，c)Fibrillary Chorea of Morvan，d)Hemichorea 390

23．Syndrome of Claude 390

24．Claude-Bernard-Horner Syndrome 390

25．Primary Degeneration of the Corpus Callosum 390

26．Syndrome of Crocodile Tears 391

27．Dejerine-Klumpke Paralysis 391

28．Syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy 391

29．Dercum＇s Disease 391

30．Dystonia Musculorum Deformans 391

31．Epilepsy：a)Idiopathic，b)Jacksonian，c)Myoclonus Epilepsy of Unverricht 391

32．Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy 392

33．Facial Hemispasm 392

34．Facial Paraspasm(Paraspasme Faciale) 392

35．Facial Spasm 392

36．Facial Tic 392

37．Postparalytic Facial＂Tic＂ 392

38．Familial Diffuse Sclerosis 393

39．Syndrome of Foster Kennedy 393

40．Foville＇s Syndrome 393

41．Frey＇s Syndrome 393

42．Frohlich＇s Syndrome 393

43．Syndrome of Fuchs 393

44．Gargoylism 393

45．Gelineau＇s Disease 393

46．Geniculate Herpes Zoster 393

47．Gerstmann＇s Syndrome 393

48．Gradenigo＇s Syndrome 393

49．Syndrome of Guillain-Barre 393

50．Syndrome of Hallervorden and Spatz 393

51．Hemiballismus 394

52．Hemifacial Spasm 394

53．Syndrome of Hemisection of the Spinal Cord 394

54．Heredofamilial Spastic Paraplegia or Diplegia 394

55．Holmes-Adie Syndrome 394

56．Horner＇s Syndrome 394

57．Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt 394

58．Hurler＇s Disease 394

59．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Diplegia 395

60．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Hemiplegia 395

61．Jackson＇s Syndrome 395

62．Syndrome of Jakob 395

63．Jakob-Creutzfeld Disease 395

64．Syndrome of Jaw-Winking 395

65．Syndrome of the Jugular Foramen 395

66．Klumpke＇s Paralysis 395

67．Korsakoff＇s Syndrome 395

68．Krabbe＇s Disease 395

69．Landry＇s Paralysis(Acute Ascending Paralysis) 395

70．Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome 396

71．Leber＇s Disease(Hereditary Optic Atrophy) 396

72．Lipochondrodystrophy 396

73．Lipodystrophy 396

74．Syndrome of Little＇s Disease 396

75．Lobar Sclerosis(Cerebral Hemiatrophy) 396

76．Marchiafava-Bignami Disease 396

77．Marchiafava＇s Disease 396

78．Syndrome of Marcus-Gunn 397

79．Median Facial Spasm 397

80．Meniere＇s Disease 397

81．Meralgia Paraesthetica 397

82．Millard-Gubler Syndrome 397

83．Mongolism 397

84．Syndrome of Morgagni-Morel 397

85．Morquio＇s Disease 397

86．Morvan＇s Syndrome 398

87．Syndrome of Myelodysplasia 398

88．Myoclonus 398

89．Naffziger＇s Syndrome 398

90．Narcolepsy 398

91．Paramyoclonus Multiplex 398

92．Paraplegia-in-Flexion 398

93．Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease 398

94．Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia 399

95．Pituitary Cachexia 399

96．Syndrome of Pseudobulbar Palsy 399

97．Pyknolepsy 399

98．Syndrome of Roussy and Levy 399

99．Scalenus Anticus Syndrome(Naffziger＇s Syndrome) 399

100．Schmidt＇s Syndrome 399

101．Simmonds＇Disease 399

102．Spastic Paraplegia 399

103．Spastic Pseudosclerosis 399

104．Strumpell＇s Encephalitis 400

105．Thalamic Syndrome 400

106．Torsion Spasm(Torsion Dystonia) 400

107．Spasmodic Torticollis 400

108．Unverricht＇s Myoclonic Epilepsy 400

109．Syndrome of Vernet 400

110．Villaret＇s Syndrome 400

111．Wallenberg＇s Syndrome 400

112．Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome 401

113．Weber＇s Syndrome 401

114．Westphal-Strumpell Pseudosclerosis 401

References 401

ⅩⅥ．NEURO-ANATOMICAL SUPPLEMENT 406

References 419

ⅩⅦ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIC SUPPLEMENT 421

A．Preparation of Gross Specimens 421

B．Neurological Staining Methods and Impregnation Technics 423

References 452

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 455

INDEX 459