History Of The Sikhs 1739-1768PDF电子书下载

Ⅰ．SIKH PLUNDERING BANDS，1739-45 1

Introductory 1

The Sikhs take advantage of Nadir＇s invasion 2

Sikhs rob Nadir＇s rear 5

Restoration of order after Nadir＇s departure 6

Persecution of the Sikhs 7

Sikh life in exile 10

Sikhs begin to visit Amritsar 13

Government policy of relaxa-tion 14

Zakariya Khan dies 16

appoint-ment of Punjab viceroy delayed 17

Sikhs revive their strength 18

Sikhs organize themselves into regular plundering bands 20

Ⅱ．THE DAL KHALSA，1745-48 24

The Sikh aggressions 24

Jaspat Rai＇s murder by the Sikhs 25

Lakhpat Rai＇s massacre of the Sikhs 26

Civil war between Zakariya Khan＇s sons 31

Recovery of strength by the Sikhs 33

The Sikhs build the fort of Ram Rauni at Amritsar 35

Shahnawaz Khan＇s Government 37

First Durrani campaign 38

Peaceful progress of the Sikhs 43

Sikhs fall upon ther etreating Afghans 45

The Dal Khalsa established 46

Constitution of the Dal Khalsa 52

Ⅲ．THE SIKHS AND MUIN-UL-MULK，APRIL 1748-NOVEMBER 1753 57

Muin-ul-mulk takes charge of the Govern-ment of the Punjab 57

Muin＇s difficulties in his new government 58

Punitive expedi-tions against the Sikhs 59

Siege of Ram Rauni Fort 60

Sikhs settle down to a peaceful life 62

Muin-ul-mulk＇s precau-tionary measures 62

Sikhs plunder Lahore during the second Durrani invasion 63

Renewal of Sikh persecution 65

Nasir Khan＇s rebellion 66

Revoit of Shahnawaz Khan 67

Renovation of Sikh oppression 69

The Sikhs are driven out of the Punjab plains 70

The third Durrani invasion 72

Punjab lost to the Mughal Empire 74

The Durrani conquers Kashmir 76

Sikh ravages 76

Persecution of the Sikhs renewed 78

Swelling of the Dal Khalsa 82

Death of Muin-ul-mulk 83

Ⅳ．THE＂RAKHI＂SYSTEM，NOVEMBER 1753-APRIL 1757 84

Sikhs are left unhampered 84

Baby rule and petticoat government provided for the Punjab 84

Death of Muhammad Amin Khan and the Begam＇s profligacy 85

Eunuchs＇rule at Lahore 87

Revolts and counter-revolts in Lahore 87

Dissolution of government in the Punjab 89

Rapid rise of the Sikhs 90

The establishment of the＂Rakhi＂System 93

The fourth Durrani invasion 95

Sikh lawlessness 99

Ⅴ．THE SIKHS AMD TIMUR SHAH，MAY 1757-MAY 1758 102

Introductory 102

Sikhs are disturbed in their quiet progress 103

Jahan Khan＇s fight with the Sikhs 104

Sodhi Barbhag Singh of Kartarpur belaboured 108

The Sikhs concert a plan of action 117

Defeat of the Afghans by Adina Beg and the Sikhs 110

The Sikhs baffle the Afghans 112

The Maratha invasion of the Punjab 113

The fall of Sirhind 114

Expulsion of the Afghans from the Punjab 115

Myth of Sikh occupation of Lahore in 1758 120

Ⅵ．BEGINNING OF TERRITORIAL ACQUISI-TION，JUNE 1758-OCTOBER 1759 121

Adina Beg Khan fights the Sikhs 121

Sadiq Beg Khan of Sirhind defeats the Sikhs 124

Adina Beg Khan dies 125

Anarchy in the Punjab 126

Settling of the Sikhs as territorial chieftains 130

Ⅶ．PEACEFUL PROGRESS OF THE MALWA SIKHS UNDER ALHA SINGH，1739-1761 133

Origin of the Malwa chiefs 133

Progress under Alha Singh 133

Alha Singh helps the Imperialists 135

Extension of territories 136

Aid to the Delhi Emperor 137

Change of policy 137

Alha Singh helps the Marathas at Panipat 138

Alha Singh receives a rescript from the Durrani 139

Ⅷ．SIKHS TAKE LAHORE AND COIN MONEY，OCTOBER 1759-DECEMBER 1761 141

The Durrani-Maratha struggle 140

Conse-quences of the battle 145

The appearance of numerous Sikh forts in the Punjab 146

The Sikhs attack Lahore 148

The Sikhs harass the Durrani 149

Administrative arrangements made by the Durrani 150

Sikhs spread havoc all over the Punjab 151

Abdali＇s general Nur-ud-din is defea-ted by the Sikhs 153

Khwajah Abed defeated and routed by the Sikhs at Gujranwala 155

Capture of the Capital and coining of money 157

Ⅸ．＂GHALLU GHARA＂AND AFTER，JANUARY-DECEMBER 1762 159

The Sikhs besiege Jandiala 159

Great＂Ghallu Ghara＂ 160

Alha Singh is taken prisoner 165

Sacred buildings of the Sikhs at Amritsar are destroyed 167

Abdali stays in the Punjab 168

Abdali re-conquers Kashmir 169

Sikhs run to Malwa where they are maltreated by the Brar Jats 170

The Sikh feelings：the alloy is gone and the purified Khalsa remains 171

The Sikhs attack Zain Khan 172

The Durrani is baffled by the Sikhs 173

Confusion caused in the country by the Sikhs 174

Sikhs muster strong in the neighbourhood of Karnal 174

Abdali fails in dispersing the Sikhs from Amritsar 175

Ahmad Shah leads an expedition against the Sikhs towards the Lakhi Jungle 179

Shah leaves for Afghanistan 180

Ⅹ．THE CONQUEST OF THE SIRHIND PROVINCE，JANUARY 1763-JANUARY 1764 182

The exploits of the Sikhs 182

Sack of Kasur 183

The Jullundur Doab is over run 185

Jahan Khan is defeated on the Chenab 185

Malerkotla is laid waste 186

Plunder and massacre of Morandah 187

Fall of Sirhind 189

Partition of Sirhind territory 192

Possessions of the various Misls 195

Ⅺ．SIKH RAVAGES IN THE PUNJAB AND GANGETIC DOAB，FEBRUARY 1764-JANUARY 1765 197

First Sikh raid into the Gangetic Doab 197

The Sikhs intimidate Kabuli Mal，the Lahore Governor 198

Jahan Khan is routed 200

Ahmad Shah is harassed at Batala，Jandiala and Lahore 201

Charat Singh takes Rohtas 202

Sarbuland Khan is taken captive 203

The Sikhs ravage south-westem Punjab 204

Second Sikh invasion across the Jumna 206

Sikh-Jat alliance against Najib-ud-daulah 207

The Sikh-Rohila eontest outside Delhi 208

Ⅻ．SIKHS MOLEST THE DURRANI DURING HIS EIGHTH CAMPAIGN，DECEMBER 1764-MARCH 1765 211

Ahmad Shah Durrani reaches Lahore 211

Ahmad Shah destroys Amritsar 212

Ahmad Shah＇s march to Batala 213

The battle of the Jullundur Doab 214

Ahmad Shah advances to Kunjpura via Pinjor 215

Plans for crushing the Sikhs dropped 215

Alha Singh＇s submission to the Durrani 216

Beginning of the pitched battles of the Sikhs 218

The battle of the Sutlej 218

Second day＇s fight with the Sikhs 220

The battle of the Beas 222

Ahmad Shah leaves India 223

Possessions of the Sikh chiefs 224

ⅩⅢ．ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGNTY APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1765 226

The Sikhs take Lahore and issue their coin 226

The Sikhs extend their territories 230

Bari Doab 231

Rechna Doab 232

Chaj Doab 234

Sind Sagar Doab 236

ⅩⅣ．SIKHS AND NAJIB-UD-DAULAH，SEP-TEMBER 1765-MAY 1766 237

Sikhs plunder Najib＇s country 237

battle between the Sikhs and Najib near Shamli 239

Sikhs plunder the Jat country Rewari and Jaipur 241

The Sikhs fight Marathas near Dholpur 243

The Sikhs plunder the country of Najib but are defeated by him 244

ⅩⅤ．TRIUMPHANT EMERGENCE OF THE SIKHS，JUNE 1766-DECEMBER 1768 248

The Sikhs consolidate and extend their holdings 248

Ahmad Shah Abdali invades India 259

Ahmad Shah at Lahore 251

Jahan Khan is defeated at Amritsar 253

The Durrani in the Jullundur Doab 254

Ahmad Shah returns home 256

Amar Singh receives the title of＂Rajai Rajagan，＂ 258

The Shah encamps on the Sutlej 259

The Sikhs ravage Najib＇s country 260

Ahmad Shah leaves India，Sikhs re-occupy Lahore 261

Sikh exten-sions of territory 262

Sikh invasion into the Gangetic Doab 264

Najib feels himself beaten by the Sikhs 266

The Sikh posse-sions in 1768 269

The Sikhs emerge triumphant 271

CONCLUSION 273

Ⅰ．LIFE AND MANNERS OF THE SIKHS 273

Physique 273

Disposition 274

Character 275

Recruitment，drill and discipline 280

Equipment 281

Method of warfare 282

Horses 286

Food 288

Dress 290

Amusements 291

Women 292

Fairs 293

Ⅱ．THE CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY 295

A period of anarchy and confusion 295

Character of the people 297

The village 301

The village measures of defence 302

Village functionaries 306

The Panchyat 307

Education 309

Modes of irrigation 311

Poverty of the people 312

Fairs 313

Trade 314

Sikh rule 316

BIBLIOGRAPHY 321

INDEX 335

ERRATA 348