当前位置:首页 > 外文
A Short History Of British Expansion Fourth Edition
A Short History Of British Expansion Fourth Edition

A Short History Of British Expansion Fourth EditionPDF电子书下载

外文

  • 电子书积分:13 积分如何计算积分?
  • 作 者:
  • 出 版 社:Macmillan & Co LTd
  • 出版年份:1953
  • ISBN:
  • 页数:388 页
图书介绍:
《A Short History Of British Expansion Fourth Edition》目录
标签:

PART Ⅰ THE FOUNDATION OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH 1

Ⅰ.THE CHANGING WORLD:THE BRITISH ISLES,1783-1870 3

(i)The Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions 3

Effects of the American secession 3

Other factors making for change 3

The Industrial Revolution:oceanic trade;factory enterprise 5

The cotton manufacture;machinery;iron output;mining 6

The transport revolution:roads;canals;railways;docks 7

Woollen and other manufactures 7

World-economy and dependence on other countries 8

The Agricultural Revolution;increased output and enclosures 8

Social and economic effects of the wars of 1793-1815 10

(ii)The People 10

Growth of British population 10

Diverse views of social effects of the revolutions 11

Causes of increase in population:town and country:death rates and birth rates 11

Growth of Irish population 13

The emigrants of the nineteenth century 13

(iii)The Fundamental Ideas 14

Two phases of national outlook,pre- and post-1870 14

The idealists of the earlier period 15

The early free traders;Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations 15

Pitt's reforms,attempted and effected 16

Free trade after 1815;Huskisson's reforms 17

The Manchester School;Peel;the Corn Laws 17

Repeal of the Navigation Acts 18

Laissez-faire and the Middle Class 18

The ideal of equality 19

The humanitarian movement and social reform 20

The campaigns against the slave trade and slavery 20

Government of dependencies;trial of Hastings;Mill's British India 22

Missionary Societies:The Clapham Sect 23

Conflicting currents of opinion 24

Ⅱ.THE CHANGING WORLD:THE OCEANS 25

Expansion of oceanic enterprise 25

Early exploration of the Pacific 25

Improvement of shipping and navigation 26

Pacific exploration in the eighteenth century 26

Cook's voyages:Russians and Spaniards in the North Pacific 27

California:Nootka Sound:Vancouver,Mackenzie,La Perouse 28

Oceanic aspect of the wars of 1793-1815;colonies captured 29

The settlement of 1914-15 30

Raffles in Java and at Singapore 31

The Slave Trade after 1807 32

Activities of the missionary societies 33

Great Britain and Latin America;emancipation of the Spanish colonies 33

The opening of China and Japan 35

The African coasts 36

Change in the nature of oceanic trade 37

New trades:tea,rice,jute,colza 38

Pacific whaling and trading 38

Australia and the recruitment of Kanakas 39

South American nitrates and guano 40

Other new trades:the emigrant traffic 40

Development of sailing ships:British and American competition 41

Development of steamships 42

The overland route and the Suez Canal 43

Ⅲ.THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND ITS CRITICS 44

Changes in administrative mechanism of the colonies,1782-1854 44

Important Colonial Secretaries and Under Secretaries 44

Effects of American secession on imperial policy 44

Opinions of George Chalmers on imperial policy 46

Representative government after 1783 48

Factors adverse to mercantile imperialism 48

Administration of colonies after 1783 48

Emigration policy;Wilmot Horton 49

The Radical imperialists of 1830 50

Buller's attack on the Colonial Office and Sir James Stephen 50

Wakefield's theory of colonization 51

Decay of the old colonial system and progress of the new ideas 52

Abolition of restrictions and monopolies 53

Imperial preference attacked by the Manchester School 53

Influence of the humanitarians 54

Achievements and decline of the Radical imperialists 55

Triumph of the Manchester School 55

Free trade and colonial self-government 55

Imperial defence 56

Pessimism and optimism;views of statesmen;the situation in 1870 56

Ⅳ.CANADA FROM CONQUEST TO DOMINION 58

(i)The French and British Ganadas,1760-1815 58

The French population;Murray's rule;Carleton 58

The Quebec Act,1774 59

American invasion,1775-6;Treaty of Versailles,1782-3 60

The United Empire Loyalists 61

The Maritime Provinces;Upper Canada 62

Constitutional problem;constitution of 1791;its defects 63

The War of 1812-15 64

(ii)The Failure of Representative Government,1815-1840 66

Causes of unrest 66

Lower Canada:nationalist aspirations:executive and assembly at issue 66

Upper Canada:the Family Compact:progress towards revolt 68

The rebellions of 1837 70

Lord Durham's mission:the Beport:the constitution of 1840 70

Material growth of Canada 72

(iii)The Establishment of Responsible Government 72

The implications of Responsible Government 72

Period of indecision,1840-6 73

Lord Elgin's policy:difficulties surmounted,1847-54 73

(iv)Confederation,1854-67 74

Disadvantages of the Union:the Maritime Provinces 74

Movement towards confederation 75

The federal constitution 76

The Dominion of Canada,1867:comparison with the American Union 76

(v)The Growth of Canada 77

Penetration of the North-West:rivalry and union of the Companies:Manitoba 77

The Maine and Oregon boundaries 79

British Columbia and Vancouver Island 79

Extinction of the Hudson's Bay Company's sovereignty:Riel's revolt 80

Later provinces,1873-1912:railways 80

Ⅴ.THE FOUNDATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES 83

(i)Circumstances leading to Colonization 83

Early exploration and theories;New Holland 83

Eighteenth century projectors:Campbell;De Brosses;Callender;Dalrymple 84

Importance of Cook's discoveries 85

The convict problem:the plan for a new plantation colony 86

Phillip's expedition,1787-8:his instructions 87

(ii)The Foundation of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land,1788-1823 87

The landing in New South Wales,1788 87

The penal settlement:early struggles and progress 88

Van Diemen's Land,1803 89

Bligh and Macquarie:expansion of New South Wales 90

Administrative changes,1823:the population 91

(iii)New South Wales and its Offshoots,1824-59 92

Characteristics of the period 92

Exploration:in eastern Australia:central Australia:western Australia 92

Squatters,farmers and townsmen:the land question:early land legislation 94

Foundation of Queensland 96

Foundation of Victoria 97

Progress of Van Diemen's Land 97

The end of transportation 98

Representative government,1842,1850:Victoria a separate colony,1851 99

Discovery of gold:its effects 100

Responsible government,1855:Queensland a separate colony,1859 100

(iv)Western and South Australia 102

Theories of colonization exemplified 102

Plans for a western colony:the Swan River Settlement,1829 102

Misfortune and recovery:transportation:Wakefield's criticisms 103

Plans for South Australia,1831-5 104

Foundation and financial crisis,1836-41:rapid progress,1842-55 105

Ⅵ.THE COLONIZATION OF NEW ZEALAND 107

The West Indian precedent 107

Early settlers:the Maoris:the missionaries 107

Early attempts at control:the French projects 108

The Wakefield plans:hostility of the humanitarians 109

The New Zealand Company takes action:annexation,1840 110

Complications of the land question:Treaty of Waitangi 110

Energy of the Company:discontent of the Maoris 111

Hobson,Shortland and Fitzroy 111

Sir George Grey:progress of colonization:Otago and Canterbury 112

Dissolution of the Company,1851 114

Representative and responsible government,1853,1856 114

The Maori wars:Grey's second governorship 115

Ⅶ.DUTCH AND BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 116

(i)Early History to 1836 116

The Portuguese period 116

English and Dutch:the Dutch colony,1652-1795 116

The British conquest,1795-1814 118

Problems of the Cape Colony:the native races 118

The Albany Settlement,1819-21 120

Dr.Philip and the colonists:emancipation of the slaves,1833-4 120

D'Urban and the Colonial Office:annexation and withdrawal 121

(ii)The two Colonies and the two Republics,1836-72 122

The Great Trek and its causes 122

Foundation of Orange Free State and Transvaal 125

The Boers in Natal:the Zulus:Natal a British colony,1843 125

Annexation of the Orange River Sovereignty,1848 127

Independence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State,1852-4 127

The Cape:representative government:Sir George Grey and federation 128

Responsible government,1872:native problems 130

Natal:the Orange Free State:the Transvaal 131

Ⅷ.INDIA AND THE FAR EAST 133

(i)The Extension of British Control over the Indian Peninsula,1785-1858 133

The Company's position in 1785:the native powers 133

Cornwallis's reforms:war with Mysore,1790-2 134

Sir John Shore,1793-8 136

Crisis of 1798:Wellesley:conquest of Mysore:annexation and subsidiary alliances:war with Marathas,1803-4:resignation of Wellesley 136

A conservative policy,1805-14 138

Hastings:the Gurkhas:the last Maratha War,1817-18 139

Burma,1823-6:Lord William Bentinck;Macaulay 139

The North-West Frontier:first Afghan War,1839-42 140

Annexation of Sind,1843:Sikh War,1845-6;annexation of Punjab,1848-9 141

Burma,1851-2:Dalhousie's annexations,1848-56:period of discontent 142

The Mutiny,l857-8:end of the Company's rule 144

(ii)The Indian Ocean and the Far East 145

Ceylon under British rule 145

Mauritius:the Seychelles 146

The Straits Settlements,1824-67 147

Borneo:Sarawak:Labuan 147

British trade with China:the war of 1839-42:the Treaty Ports 150

Second China War,1856-60;decay of the Chinese Empire 153

Ⅸ.THE WEST INDIES 154

Decline in relative importance of the colonies 154

West Indian trade with United States,from 1783 154

Effect of British free-trade policy 155

The British planters and their competitors:the French Revolutionary War 156

The abolition of the slave trade,and of slavery 157

Effects of emancipation:indentured labour 159

Constitutional development:the old representative governments 160

Rebellion in Jamaica,1865 161

Abolition of the representative system in most of the islands 162

The Barbados constitution 162

The present grouping of the colonies 163

PART Ⅱ THE GROWTH OF COMMONWEALTH AND EMPIRE 165

Ⅰ.WORLD COMPETITION AND THE PENETRATION OF THE CONTINENTS 167

The Great Powers after 1870 167

Industrialism and the new imperialism 168

Improvement of steamships 168

Great railway systems:in Europe;the U.S.and Canada;Siberia and Turkestan;India;Africa 169

Effects of railway enterprise 172

Firearms and sanitation 173

European control in North Africa 173

Exploration of Central Africa 174

The Berlin Conference,1884-5:spheres of influence 175

Partition of East Africa 176

German and French methods in Africa:Portuguese efforts 177

The Congo under King Leopold 178

Burma and Indo-China 179

The Russians in Siberia and Central Asia 180

The opening of Japan and China 180

Japan's aggression against China 181

European emigration and colonial policies 182

Ⅱ.THE EMPIRE UNDER DISRAELI,GLADSTONE AND SALISBURY(THE MOTHER COUNTRY,ASIA,AND TROPICAL AFRICA) 183

(i)Imperial Ideas,1870-95 183

Foundations of a new imperial sentiment 183

Views of Disraeli and Gladstone 183

The Second Reform Act(1867)and democratic politics 184

Liberal and Conservative ministries,1868-95 185

Imperialist writers and imperial federation 186

(ii)The Levant,Egypt,the Canal,and the Indian Frontiers 187

The Eastern Question:British and Russian interests:Crimean War 187

Egypt under Ismail:Disraeli's purchase of Suez Canal shares 188

The Eastern Question revived:the Berlin Congress,1878 189

Russia on the Afghan frontier:policy of Lord Lytton:Afghan War, 1878-80 189

Later Russian activities:the Indian frontier tribes 191

Final conquest of Burma,1885-6 192

Egypt,1879-83:the Dual Control and its failure:British policy 192

The Sudan:the Mahdi's revolt;the death of Gordon 194

(iii)Malaya and Borneo 195

The Malay principalities:anarchy and British intervention 195

The Federated Malay States:Johore and the unfederated protectorates 196

North Borneo:the origin of British interests 197

The British North Borneo Company,1881 198

(iv)West Africa 199

British West Africa:Gambia:Sierra Leone 199

Gold Coast,Ashanti and Northern Territories 200

The Niger 202

The Royal Niger Company 203

Anglo-French rivalry 203

(v)East Africa 204

Earlier history of East African coast:the Sultanate of Zanzibar 204

East African slave trade 204

Kirk at Zanzibar 205

British and Germans:Carl Peters 206

German East Africa:Treaty of 1886 207

British East Africa Company 208

Uganda,East Africa and treaty of 1890 208

Nyasaland 209

Ⅲ.THE EMPIRE UNDER DISRAELI,GLADSTONE,AND SALISBURY(THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE) 211

(i)Australia,New Zealand and the Pacific 211

Reluctance of Australian colonies to federate 211

Australian politics:influence of Chartism;fiscal protection 212

Squatters and farmers:Asiatic immigration:land legislation 213

Trades unions:Labour Party:education 214

Steamships:cables:railways 214

New Zealand from 1867:state enterprise:population:cold storage 215

The Pacific Islands and their problems 216

Tahiti:the missionaries and the French,1797-1888 216

New Caledonia:French convict stations 216

Fiji:annexation,1874:constitution:the High Commissioner 217

New Hebrides:French aims and Australian protests:the solution 218

The Sandwich Islands:annexation by U.S.,1898 218

German traders in the Pacific 219

The New Guinea question:British difficulties:disgust in Australia:annexations in 1884-8 219

Samoa:rivalry of three powers:partition 221

(ii)South Africa 222

A new period from 1871;mining and railways 222

The native problem:lack of co-ordinated policy 222

Federation advocated by Lord Carnarvon,1874:abortive conference,1876 223

The Transvaal under Burgers:the Zulu peril 225

The Permissive Bill:Shepstone annexes the Transvaal,1877 225

Zulu War,1879:Disraeli's embarrassment:Gladstone's speeches 226

Gladstone's policy:the Boer War,1880-1:the Transvaal independent 227

The Africander Bond:German expansion:Boer treks 228

Rhodes and his ambitions:Paul Kruger 228

British South Africa Company,1888-9;Rhodesia 229

Changes in the Transvaal:gold mines:the Uitlanders 230

Movement towards a crisis,1895 231

Ⅳ.THE EMPIRE UNDER CHAMBERLAIN 232

(i)The Undeveloped Estate 232

Joseph Chamberlain and his imperial doctrine 232

Plight of the British West Indies 233

The sugar bounties defeated:educative work:loans:prosperity restored 234

West and East Africa:medical and agricultural research:railways 234

Scope and permanence of the Chamberlain policy 235

(ii)Egypt and the Sudan 236

Lord Cromer's task:the regeneration of Egypt(from 1883) 236

The Sudan under Mahdism:Kitchener's reconquest,1896-8 237

The French on the Nile:the Fashoda crisis 238

(iii)The South African War 239

Rhodes,Chamberlain and Kruger 239

The Jameson Raid,1895-6;preparations for war:the Free State 239

The war,1899-1902:the three stages:the peace terms 241

Imperial significance of the struggle 243

(iv)The Two Dominions 243

Canada from 1867:relations with U.S 244

Macdonald and the National Policy:union with U.S.rejected 244

The Alaska boundary:growth of population:mixed immigration 245

Newfoundland:constitution:fishery disputes 246

Australia:movement towards federation:adverse factors 247

Sir Henry Parkes and federation:the project revived and achieved 248

The Commonwealth constitution 249

(v)The Colonial Conference and the Chamberlain Programme 250

Origin of the Colonial Conference 250

Conference of 1887;defence:Conference of 1894;preference 250

Conferences of 1897 and 1902:growth of imperial co-operation 252

Chamberlain's policy of 1903:preference and protection:the general elections of 1906 and 1910 253

Ⅴ.FROM THE Entente Cordiale TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR 255

(i)The Ententes with France and Russia 255

The Venezuela questions:relations with U.S 255

German relations:the Bagdad Railway:tariffs:the German fleet 256

Friendship with France:the questions for settlement 257

Convention and Declarations of 1904:criticisms:later agreements 258

Agreements with Russia,1907 258

(ii)Great Britain and the Dominions 259

Two new dominions:New Zealand and South Africa 259

South Africa:economic federation,1903:Chinese labour 259

Responsible government in Transvaal and Free State,1907 260

Reasons for political union:the Union Act,1909-10;the constitution 260

Proposed Imperial Council and Commission,1905 262

Imperial Conference of 1907:imperial naval development 262

Imperial Conference of 1911:the menace of war:Ward's proposed"parliament of defence":autonomous co-operation preferred 263

(iii)Africa 264

Egyptian progress and nationalist agitation 264

Conquest and civilization of Nigeria:the slavery question:economic change 265

East Africa and Uganda:the Indian question 267

The Congo:Morocco:Tripoli 268

Ⅵ.INDIA,1858-1914 270

Cessation of internal warfare after the Mutiny 270

Indian Councils Act,1861:the post-Mutiny Viceroys:the native states 270

Railway development and industrialization 271

Measures against famine 271

Education:land tenure:sanitary reform 273

Royal Titles Act,1876-7 274

Effects of peace and western education:the Indian National Congress 274

Demand for reform:government policy:Councils Act,1892 275

Tilak's agitation 276

Lord Curzon,1898-1905:the North-West Frontier Province:university reform:partition of Bengal:dispute with Lord Kitchener 277

Causes of unrest:education:journalism:general Asiatic sentiment 281

Agitation in the Poona region,Bengal and the Punjab 282

Lord Morley's secretaryship:Councils Act,1909:the King in India,1911 283

Ⅶ.THE IMPERIAL ASPECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 285

Imperial reaction to the crisis:the dominions:India:the colonies 285

South Africa:firmness of Botha:the rebellion of 1914 287

The military effort of the dominions summarized 288

Canada:military statistics:the French Canadians:Sir R.Borden 288

Australia:statistics:the referendums:Mr.Hughes 289

New Zealand:statistics:the National Government 291

South Africa:Botha and Smuts 291

The Indian war effort 292

Conquest of the German colonies and Turkish Asia 292

The Versailles Treaties:the mandates 294

Imperial Conference of 1917:federation or co-operation:the constitutional resolution:other transactions 294

Imperial Conference of 1918 296

The Peace Conference,1919:dominion nationhood recognized:the new constitutional position 297

Opinions of dominion statesmen 298

Ⅷ.THE ADVANCE OF INDIA TOWARDS DOMINION STATUS 301

Indian loyalty in 1914 301

Growth of revolutionary feeling during the war 301

Responsible government the declared British aim:Montagu-Chelmsford Report 302

Government of India Act,1919 303

Effects of British policy 305

Revolutionary movement,1919:Amritsar 306

Gandhi's policy and leadership 307

Moslem discontent:the Khilafat movement 308

Gandhi's non-co-operation:Moplah revolt:effect of reforms 308

Simon Commission and Report 310

Responsible government still the British aim:Gandhi's civil disobedience 311

Moslem and Hindu antagonism:political safeguards 312

Round Table Conferences and White Paper,1930-3 313

Government of India Act,1935 314

Responsible government a partial success 315

Federation delayed:the second World War:India to frame its own constitution 315

Indianization of the government services 316

Ⅸ.THE TRUSTEESHIP 317

(i)Egypt,Palestine and Iraq 317

Changing standards 317

Egypt:protectorate,1914:independence in stages,1922-37 317

Palestine:the Balfour Declaration and Arab claims 318

Unsolved problem of Jewish and Arab relations 319

Iraq:mandated area:sovereign state 319

(ii)West Africa 320

Lord Lugard and the Dual Mandate 320

Gambia and Sierra Leone:modern developments 321

Gold Coast:railways:cocoa:mining:education 321

Nigeria:development of exports:social progress 323

(iii)East Africa 324

Kenya:settlers:land allocation:war losses 324

Demand for responsible government:White Paper of 1923 325

Indirect rule in Kenya 326

Tanganyika under German and British rule 327

Uganda:government,state services and economic progress 328

Remaining East African dependencies 329

(iv)Ceylon and Burma 330

Ceylon:nineteenth century progress:Donoughmore constitution,1931 330

Burma separated from India:constitution of 1937 331

(v)Malaya 332

New protectorates,1909 332

Recent developments and events 332

(vi)The British West Indies 333

Economic depression and distress 333

Education:malnutrition:disease 334

Royal Commission and its recommendations,1938-40 335

Social and political reform 335

Ⅹ.THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH BETWEEN THE WARS 337

Commonwealth populations 337

Canada:growth of population and industrialization 337

Canada at war in 1939 338

Australia:industrial interests and economic depression:separatism in Western Australia 339

New Zealand and the great depression 340

Newfoundland:bankruptcy and temporary resignation of dominion status 340

South African politics:Smuts and Hertzog 341

The native question 342

Election of 1924:Hertzog in power:segregation policy:republicanism:the flag dispute 343

Hertzog-Smuts coalition,1933:declaration of war,1939 344

Southern Rhodesia:responsible government and the native question 345

Malta's political record:Cyprus and enosis 346

Irish Free State 348

The Commonwealth constitution:autonomy and co-operation 348

Imperial Conference of 1921:Washington Conference,with Dominion participation:control of foreign policy established 349

Progress of imperial preference,1923-4 350

Economic changes:Empire Settlement Act:Empire Marketing Board 351

Dominions and the Pact of Locarno,1925 352

The Commonwealth constitution:definition of 1926 353

Statute of Westminster,1931 353

New Irish constitution,1937:the Irish ports,1938 354

The Commonwealth and world-depression:Ottawa Conference,1932 355

Imperial Conference,1937 356

Ⅺ.THE COMMONWEALTH AND EMPIRE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR 357

Nature of the war 357

North and East Africa in 1940-1:defeat of the Italians 358

The Germans enter North Africa:siege of Tobruk 358

The Japanese declare war:early British losses:Singapore 359

Commonwealth forces in 1942 360

Rommel's advance into Egypt,1942 361

Battle of Alamein and expulsion of Germans from Africa,1942-3 361

The Japanese in the Pacific 361

India and Burma:the Fourteenth Army and recovery 362

The Commonwealth's entry into the war:Smuts and South Africa 362

The Canadian army:Canada's war effort 363

Australian fields of action:Australia's war effort 364

The New Zealand forces 364

The South African forces:mobility of the Army 365

The great Indian war effort 366

The war's stimulus to development 366

Ⅻ.THE YEARS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR 367

(i)The Indian Settlement 367

Failure of the federal constitution:the Moslems and Pakistan 367

Progress towards a solution,1945-7:Jinnah,Gandhi and Nehru 367

Indian Independence Act,1947:the two new Dominions 368

Partition of Pakistan from India:loss of life in Punjab 368

Hyderabad:the Kashmir dispute 369

Deaths of Gandhi,Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan 369

The Indian Republic:status in the Commonwealth 369

Independence of Burma 370

(ii)The Colonies and Dependencies 370

Ceylon a Dominion 370

Malaya:union proposed and dropped:Federation of Malaya:terrorism 370

North Borneo,Labuan and Sarawak 371

East Africa:ground-nuts scheme:Colonial Development Corporation 371

Kenya:the Man Mau movement 372

West Africa:Gambia and Sierra Leone:Nigeria:responsible government in the Gold Coast:decline of indirect rule 372

Central African Federation 373

British West Indies:constitutional advance:federation outlined 373

(iii)The Commonwealth 374

Change in emphasis 374

Malta:responsible government 374

Canada in the Commonwealth:incorporation of Newfoundland 374

Australia and New Zealand 375

South Africa:incorporation of South West Africa 375

The South African protectorates:Malan's native policy 376

Royal visit to South Africa,1947:death of Smuts,1950 376

Commonwealth Conferences:secession of Irish Republic 376

Commonwealth populations,1951 377

AUTHORITIES 378

INDEX 384

相关图书
作者其它书籍
    返回顶部