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THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVILIZATION 1

Chapter Ⅰ：THE CONDITIONS OF CIVILIZATION 1

Chapter Ⅱ：THE ECONOMIC ELEMENTS OF CIVILIZATION 5

Ⅰ．FROM HUNTING TO TILLAGE 5

Ⅱ．THE FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRY 11

Ⅲ．ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 16

Chapter Ⅲ：THE POLITICAL ELEMENTS OF CIVILIZATION 21

Ⅰ．THE ORIGINS OF GOVERNMENT 21

Ⅱ．THE STATE 23

Ⅲ．LAW 25

Ⅳ．THE FAMILY 29

Chapter Ⅳ：THE MORAL ELEMENTS OF CIVILIZATION 36

Ⅰ．MARRIAGE 36

Ⅱ．SEXUAL MORALITY 44

Ⅲ．SOCIAL MORALITY 51

Ⅳ．RELIGION 56

Chapter Ⅴ：THE MENTAL ELEMENTS OF CIVILIZATION 72

Ⅰ．LETTERS 72

Ⅱ．SCIENCE 78

Ⅲ．ART 82

Chronological Chart：Types and Cultures of Prehistoric Man 90

Chapter Ⅵ：THE PREHISTORIC BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION 90

Ⅰ．PALEOLITHIC CULTURE 90

Ⅱ．NEOLITHIC CULTURE 98

Ⅲ．THE TRANSITION TO HISTORY 102

BOOK ONE THE NEAR EAST 111

Chronological Table of Near Eastern History 113

Chapter Ⅶ：SUMERIA 116

Ⅰ．ELAM 117

Ⅱ．THE SUMERIANS 118

Ⅲ．PASSAGE TO EGYPT 134

Chapter Ⅷ：EGYPT 137

Ⅰ．THE GIFT OF THE NILE 137

Ⅱ．THE MASTER BUILDERS 144

Ⅲ．THE CIVILIZATION OF EGYPT 156

Ⅳ．THE HERETIC KING 205

Ⅴ．DECLINE AND FALL 213

Chapter Ⅸ：BABYLONIA 218

Ⅰ．FROM HAMMURABI TO NEBUCHADREZZAR 218

Ⅱ．THE TOILERS 226

Ⅲ．THE LAW 230

Ⅳ．THE GODS OF BABYLON 232

Ⅴ．THE MORALS OF BABYLON 244

Ⅵ．LETTERS AND LITERATURE 248

Ⅶ．ARTISTS 254

Ⅷ．BABYLONIAN SCIENCE 256

Ⅸ．PHILOSOPHERS 259

Ⅹ．EPITAPH 263

Chapter Ⅹ：ASSYRIA 265

Ⅰ．CHRONICLES 265

Ⅱ．ASSYRIAN GOVERNMENT 270

Ⅲ．ASSYRIAN LIFE 274

Ⅳ．ASSYRIAN ART 278

Ⅴ．ASSYRIA PASSES 282

Chapter Ⅺ：A MOTLEY OF NATIONS 285

Ⅰ．THE INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLES 285

Ⅱ．THE SEMITIC PEOPLES 290

Chapter Ⅻ：JUDEA 299

Ⅰ．THE PROMISED LAND 299

Ⅱ．SOLOMON IN ALL HIS GLORY 302

Ⅲ．THE GOD OF HOSTS 308

Ⅳ．THE FIRST RADICALS 314

Ⅴ．THE DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JERUSALEM 320

Ⅵ．THE PEOPLE OF THE BOOK 328

Ⅶ．THE LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE BIBLE 339

Chapter ⅩⅢ：PERSIA 350

Ⅰ．THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MEDES 350

Ⅱ．THE GREAT KINGS 352

Ⅲ．PERSIAN LIFE AND INDUSTRY 355

Ⅳ．AN EXPERIMENT IN GOVERNMENT 359

Ⅴ．ZARATHUSTRA 364

Ⅵ．ZOROASTRIAN ETHICS 368

Ⅶ．PERSIAN MANNERS AND MORALS 373

Ⅷ．SCIENCE AND ART 376

Ⅸ．DECADENCE 381

BOOK TWO INDIA AND HER NEIGHBORS 387

Chronological Table of Indian History 389

Chapter ⅩⅣ：THE FOUNDATIONS OF INDIA 391

Ⅰ．SCENE OF THE DRAMA 391

Ⅱ．THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION？ 394

Ⅲ．THE INDO-ARYANS 396

Ⅳ．INDO-ARYAN SOCIETY 399

Ⅴ．THE RELIGION OF THE VEDAS 402

Ⅵ．THE VEDAS AS LITERATURE 405

Ⅶ．THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE UPANISHADS 410

Chapter ⅩⅤ：BUDDHA 416

Ⅰ．THE HERETICS 416

Ⅱ．MAHAVIRA AND THE JAINS 419

Ⅲ．THE LEGEND OF BUDDHA 422

Ⅳ．THE TEACHING OF BUDDHA 428

Ⅴ．THE LAST DAYS OF BUDDHA 436

Chapter ⅩⅥ：FROM ALEXANDER TO AURANGZEB 440

Ⅰ．CHANDRAGUPTA 440

Ⅱ．THE PHILOSOPHER-KING 446

Ⅲ．THE GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA 450

Ⅳ．ANNALS OF RAJPUTANA 454

Ⅴ．THE ZENITH OF THE SOUTH 456

Ⅵ．THE MOSLEM CONQUEST 459

Ⅶ．AKBAR THE GREAT 463

Ⅷ．THE DECLINE OF THE MOGULS 472

Chapter ⅩⅦ：THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 477

Ⅰ．THE MAKERS OF WEALTH 477

Ⅱ．THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY 482

Ⅲ．MORALS AND MARRIAGE 488

Ⅳ．MANNERS，CUSTOMS AND CHARACTER 496

Chapter ⅩⅧ：THE PARADISE OF THE GODS 503

Ⅰ．THE LATER HISTORY OF BUDDHISM 503

Ⅱ．THE NEW DIVINITIES 507

Ⅲ．BELIEFS 511

Ⅳ．CURIOSITIES OF RELIGION 517

Ⅴ．SAINTS AND SCEPTICS 522

Chapter ⅩⅨ：THE LIFE OF THE MIND 526

Ⅰ．HINDU SCIENCE 526

Ⅱ．THE SIX SYSTEMS OF BRAHMANICAL PHILOSOPHY 533

Ⅲ．THE CONCLUSIONS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY 552

Chapter ⅩⅩ：THE LITERATURE OF INDIA 555

Ⅰ．THE LANGUAGES OF INDIA 555

Ⅱ．EDUCATION 556

Ⅲ．THE EPICS 561

Ⅳ．DRAMA 571

Ⅴ．PROSE AND POETRY 577

Chapter ⅩⅪ：INDIAN ART 584

Ⅰ．THE MINOR ARTS 584

Ⅱ．MUSIC 586

Ⅲ．PAINTING 589

Ⅳ．SCULPTURE 593

Ⅴ．ARCHITECTURE 596

Chapter ⅩⅫ：A CHRISTIAN EPILOGUE 613

Ⅰ．THE JOLLY BUCCANEERS 613

Ⅱ．LATTER-DAY SAINTS 615

Ⅲ．TAGORE 618

Ⅳ．EAST IS WEST 622

Ⅴ．THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 625

Ⅵ．MAHATMA GANDHI 626

Ⅶ．FAREWELL TO INDIA 633

BOOK THREE THE FAR EAST 635

A．CHINA 635

Chronology of Chinese Civilization 636

Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ：THE AGE OF THE PHILOSOPHERS 639

Ⅰ．THE BEGINNINGS 639

Ⅱ．CONFUCIUS 658

Ⅲ．SOCIALISTS AND ANARCHISTS 677

Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ：THE AGE OF THE POETS 694

Ⅰ．CHINA＇S BISMARCK 694

Ⅱ．EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIALISM 698

Ⅲ．THE GLORY OF T＇ANG 701

Ⅳ．THE BANISHED ANGEL 705

Ⅴ．SOME QUALITIES OF CHINESE POETRY 711

Ⅵ．TU FU 713

Ⅶ．PROSE 717

Ⅷ．THE STAGE 721

Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ：THE AGE OF THE ARTISTS 724

Ⅰ．THE SUNG RENAISSANCE 724

Ⅱ．BRONZES，LACQUER AND JADE 735

Ⅲ．PAGODAS AND PALACES 740

Ⅳ．PAINTING 745

Ⅴ．PORCELAIN 754

Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ：THE PEOPLE AND THE STATE 760

Ⅰ．HISTORICAL INTERLUDE 760

Ⅱ．THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE 769

Ⅲ．THE PRACTICAL LIFE 774

Ⅳ．RELIGION WITHOUT A CHURCH 783

Ⅴ．THE RULE OF MORALS 788

Ⅵ．A GOVERNMENT PRAISED BY VOLTAIRE 795

Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ：REVOLUTION AND RENEWAL 803

Ⅰ．THE WHITE PERIL 803

Ⅱ．THE DEATH OF A CIVILIZATION 808

Ⅲ．BEGINNINGS OF A NEW ORDER 814

B．JAPAN 825

Chronology of Japanese Civilization 826

Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ：THE MAKERS OF JAPAN 829

Ⅰ．THE CHILDREN OF THE GODS 829

Ⅱ．PRIMITIVE JAPAN 831

Ⅲ．THE IMPERIAL AGE 834

Ⅳ．THE DICTATORS 836

Ⅴ．GREAT MONKEY-FACE 838

Ⅵ．THE GREAT SHOGUN 841

Chapter ⅩⅩⅨ：THE POLITICAL AND MORAL FOUNDATIONS 845

Ⅰ．THE SAMURAI 845

Ⅱ．THE LAW 850

Ⅲ．THE TOILERS 851

Ⅳ．THE PEOPLE 854

Ⅴ．THE FAMILY 860

Ⅵ．THE SAINTS 863

Ⅶ．THE THINKERS 866

Chapter ⅩⅩⅩ：THE MIND AND ART OF OLD JAPAN 876

Ⅰ．LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION 876

Ⅱ．POETRY 878

Ⅲ．PROSE 881

Ⅳ．THE DRAMA 889

Ⅴ．THE ART OF LITTLE THINGS 891

Ⅵ．ARCHITECTURE 894

Ⅶ．METALS AND STATUES 896

Ⅷ．POTTERY 899

Ⅸ．PAINTING 901

Ⅹ．PRINTS 907

Ⅺ．JAPANESE ART AND CIVILIZATION 910

Chapter ⅩⅩⅪ：THE NEW JAPAN 914

Ⅰ．THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION 914

Ⅱ．THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 919

Ⅲ．THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION 922

Ⅳ．THE NEW EMPIRE 927

Envoi：Our Oriental Heritage 934

Glossary of Foreign Terms 939

Bibliography of Books Referred to in the Text 945

Notes 956

Pronouncing and Biographical Index 1001