材料科学与工程基础 影印版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 1

Introduction 1

1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering？ 2

1-2 Classification of Materials 5

1-3 Functional Classification of Materials 9

1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure 11

1-5 Environmental and Other Effects 12

1-6 Materials Design and Selection 14

SUMMARY 15

GLOSSARY 16

PROBLEMS 17

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure 19

Introduction 19

2-1 The Structure of Materials：Technological Relevance 20

2-2 The Structure of the Atom 21

2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 26

2-4 The Periodic Table 28

2-5 Atomic Bonding 30

2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing 37

SUMMARY 40

GLOSSARY 41

PROBLEMS 43

Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 46

Introduction 46

3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 47

3-2 Amorphous Materials：Principles and Technological Applications 49

3-3 Lattice，Unit Cells，Basis，and Crystal Structures 50

3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 58

3-5 Points，Directions，and Planes in the Unit Cell 59

3-6 Interstitial Sites 69

3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 71

3-8 Covalent Structures 74

3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis 75

SUMMARY 77

GLOSSARY 78

PROBLEMS 80

Chapter 4 Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 84

Introduction 84

4-1 Point Defects 85

4-2 Other Point Defects 91

4-3 Dislocations 92

4-4 Significance of Dislocations 99

4-5 Schmid’s Law 99

4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure 101

4-7 Surface Defects 102

4-8 Importance of Defects 106

SUMMARY 109

GLOSSARY 109

PROBLEMS 111

Chapter 5 Atom and Ion Movements in Materials 114

Introduction 114

5-1 Applications of Diffusion 115

5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions 117

5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion 119

5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion 121

5-5 Rate of Diffusion （Fick’s First Law） 122

5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion 125

5-7 Permeability of Polymers 131

5-8 Composition Profile （Fick’s Second Law） 132

5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing 136

SUMMARY 137

GLOSSARY 138

PROBLEMS 139

Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties：Fundamentals and Tensile，Hardness，and Impact Testing 143

Introduction 143

6-1 Technological Significance 144

6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties 145

6-3 The Tensile Test：Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram 149

6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test 153

6-5 True Stress and True Strain 159

6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials 161

6-7 Hardness of Materials 164

6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 166

6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test 167

SUMMARY 170

GLOSSARY 170

PROBLEMS 173

Chapter 7 Fracture Mechanics，Fatigue，and Creep Behavior 177

Introduction 177

7-1 Fracture Mechanics 178

7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 181

7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 184

7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics，Glasses，and Composites 188

7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis 190

7-6 Fatigue 195

7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test 198

7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing 200

7-9 Creep，Stress Rupture，and Stress Corrosion 204

7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior 206

SUMMARY 207

GLOSSARY 208

PROBLEMS 209

Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing 213

Introduction 213

8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 214

8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 219

8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work 220

8-4 Microstructure，Texture Strengthening，and Residual Stresses 223

8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working 227

8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing 229

8-7 Control of Annealing 232

8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing 234

8-9 Hot Working 236

SUMMARY 238

GLOSSARY 238

PROBLEMS 240

Chapter 9 Principles and Applications of Solidification 245

Introduction 245

9-1 Technological Significance 246

9-2 Nucleation 247

9-3 Growth Mechanisms 252

9-4 Cooling Curves 257

9-5 Cast Structure 259

9-6 Solidification Defects 260

9-7 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 262

9-8 Continuous Casting，Ingot Casting，and Single Crystal Growth 264

9-9 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 266

9-10 Joining of Metallic Materials 267

SUMMARY 269

GLOSSARY 269

PROBLEMS 272

Chapter 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium 277

Introduction 277

10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram 278

10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions 282

10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility 285

10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening 286

10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams 289

10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram 298

10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy 299

SUMMARY 301

GLOSSARY 302

PROBLEMS 304

Chapter 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 309

Introduction 309

11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening 310

11-2 Intermetallic Compounds 311

11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions 313

11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram 316

11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys 326

11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing 331

11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System 333

SUMMARY 334

GLOSSARY 335

PROBLEMS 336

Chapter 12 Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations andHeat Treatment 342

Introduction 342

12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 343

12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit 347

12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening 349

12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys 349

12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening 350

12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time 352

12-7 Requirements for Age Hardening 354

12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures 354

12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction 355

12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction 360

12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering 365

SUMMARY 369

GLOSSARY 370

PROBLEMS 372

Chapter 13 Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons 376

Introduction 376

13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels 377

13-2 Simple Heat Treatments 381

13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments 383

13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments 386

13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements 391

13-6 Application of Hardenability 394

13-7 Specialty Steels 397

13-8 Surface Treatments 398

13-9 Weldability of Steel 401

13-10 Stainless Steels 402

13-11 Cast Irons 406

SUMMARY 412

GLOSSARY 412

PROBLEMS 415

Chapter 14 Nonferrous Alloys 420

Introduction 420

14-1 Aluminum Alloys 421

14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys 428

14-3 Copper Alloys 430

14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 433

14-5 Titanium Alloys 437

14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals 444

SUMMARY 445

GLOSSARY 445

PROBLEMS 446

Chapter 15 Ceramic Materials 449

Introduction 449

15-1 Applications of Ceramics 450

15-2 Properties of Ceramics 452

15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders 453

15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics 458

15-5 Inorganic Glasses 460

15-6 Glass-Ceramics 466

15-7 Processing and Applications of Clay Products 468

15-8 Refractories 469

15-9 Other Ceramic Materials 471

SUMMARY 473

GLOSSARY 474

PROBLEMS 475

Chapter 16 Polymers 477

Introduction 477

16-1 Classification of Polymers 478

16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization 482

16-3 Degree of Polymerization 485

16-4 Typical Thermoplastics 487

16-5 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics 489

16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics 493

16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics 499

16-8 Elastomers （Rubbers） 504

16-9 Thermosetting Polymers 509

16-10 Adhesives 511

16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling 512

SUMMARY 517

GLOSSARY 518

PROBLEMS 520

Chapter 17 Composites：Teamwork and Synergy in Materials 523

Introduction 523

17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 525

17-2 Particulate Composites 527

17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 532

17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 537

17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites 544

17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications 548

17-7 Laminar Composite Materials 555

17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites 557

17-9 Sandwich Structures 558

SUMMARY 559

GLOSSARY 560

PROBLEMS 562

Appendix A：Selected Physical Properties of Metals 565

Appendix B：The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements 567

Answers to Selected Problems 569

Index 572