PART ONE First Principles 1
1．RESEARCH AND REPORT AS HISTORIAN＇S WORK 3
The Report：A New and Fundamental Form 3
The Historical Attitude Underlies Research and Report 5
Historical Writing in Daily Life 6
History the Great Catch-All 8
History＇s Home and Foreign Relations 14
The Research Scholar and Writer 15
2．THE ABC OF TECHNIQUE 18
The Prime Difficulty：What Is My Subject？ 18
＂I Have All My Material＂－But Have You？ 22
All Is Fair to Save Your Sanity 24
A Note Is First a Thought 28
Knowledge for Whom？ 32
Hard Labor Makes Royal Roads 36
PART TWO Research 41
3．THE SEARCHER：HIS MIND AND VIRTUES 43
History：A Joint Product of Nature and Culture 43
Four Meanings of the Word＂History＂ 47
The Changing Uses of a Changing Past 50
Some Varieties of Occidental History 54
The Searcher＇s Virtues 56
4．FINDING THE FACTS 61
The Detective and His Clues 61
Cross-Questioning the Book 66
Professional Informers，or Reference Books 71
Which Do I Want？－A Series of Examples 75
The Fruits of Experience 78
Chronology to the Rescue 80
Books Beyond Reach and the Lonely Fact 82
5．VERIFICATION 88
How the Mind Seeks Truth 88
Collation，or Matching Copies with Sources 92
Skepticism，or Sifting Out the Fitting from the False 94
Attribution，or Putting a Name to a Source 96
Explication，or Worming Secrets Out of Manuscripts 98
Disentanglement，or Unraveling the Snarl of Facts 101
Clarification，or Destroying Legends 103
Identification，or Ascertaining Value Through Authorship 106
6．HANDLING IDEAS 115
Facts and Ideas，Married and Divorced 115
Large Ideas as Facts of History 118
Technical Terms：All or None 119
The Technique of Self-Criticism 122
Historians＇ Fallacies：How to Avoid Them 125
The Historian and the Great Ideas 128
7．TRUTH AND CAUSATION 131
The Evidences of Historical Truth 131
Probability the Great Guide 136
Facing the Doubtfulness of All Reports 140
Subjective and Objective：The Right Usage 144
Knowledge of Fact and Knowledge of Causes 148
8．PATTERN，BIAS，AND THE GREAT SYSTEMS 154
The Reason of Historical Periods and Labels 154
The Conditions of Pattern Making 157
The Sources of Bias and Its Correctives 159
The Philosophy and the Laws of History 166
9．HISTORIANS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA 176
Likeness in Difference 176
Peculiarities and Research Problems 182
American Opposites and Counterparts 185
The Facts Not Only Collected But Calm 190
10．THE SISTER DISCIPLINES 196
Clio＇s Offspring，The Ologies 196
The High Period of Mechanist Science 201
Decline and Renaissance of the Scientific Faith 208
Third Period：From the 1890＇s to the Present 211
Sisters Under the Skin 217
Some Points for Critical Reading 222
PART THREE Writing 227
11．ORGANIZING：PARAGRAPH，CHAPTER，AND PART 229
The Function of Form and of Forms 229
The Steps in Organizing 234
Composing by Ear or by Outline？ 237
The Short Piece and the Paragraph 245
12．PLAIN WORDS：THE WAR ON JARGON AND CLICHES 249
To Make Sense，Weigh Your Words 249
Be Strict About Signpost Words 251
Picture All Images 253
Decide Which Images Are Alive 257
Jargon：Its Origin and Poisonous Properties 258
How to Live Without Jargon and Clichés 261
Omnibus Words and Dressing Gowns 263
Idioms and Unwritten Laws 265
13．CLEAR SENTENCES：RIGHT EMPHASIS AND RIGHT RHYTHM 269
Live Sentences for Living Thoughts 269
Five-Legged Sheep and Other Monsters 272
Modern Prose：Its Virtues and Vices 276
Carpentry or Cabinetmaking？ 280
The Sound of the Sense 284
14．THE ARTS OF QUOTING AND TRANSLATING 288
Three Recurrent Tasks 288
The Philosophy of Quoting 289
The Mechanics of Quotation 292
Difficulties and Dangers of Translation 296
Dictionaries and False Friends 298
Literalism and Paraphrase 300
The Act of Carrying Over，or Translation 302
The Necessity of Knowing English 306
15．THE RULES OF CITING：FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 309
Types and Functions of Footnotes 309
Form and Forms in Footnote Writing 312
Footnoting：When，Where，and How Much？ 318
Bibliographies：Varieties and Forms 321
16．REVISING FOR PRINTER AND PUBLIC 327
Errors and Their Ways 327
The Craft of Revision：Maxims and Pointers 330
The Craft of Revision：The Professional Touch 333
The Handle to a Writer＇s Works 341
Revision at a Distance：The Printer and You 344
AFTERWORD：A DISCIPLINE FOR WORK 349
FOR FURTHER READING 355
INDEX 368