课程与教学的基本原理 英汉对照版PDF电子书下载

导言 1

第一章 学校应力求达到何种教育目标 3

教育目标的来源之一：对学习者本身的研究 5

教育目标的来源之二：对当代校外生活的研究 14

教育目标的来源之三：学科专家对目标的建议 22

教育目标的来源之四：利用哲学选择目标 29

教育目标的来源之五：利用学习心理学选择目标 33

以有利于选择学习经验和指导教学的形式陈述目标 38

第二章 如何选择有助于实现这些教育目标的学习经验 55

“学习经验”一词的含义 55

选择学习经验的一般原则 57

举例说明有助于实现各类目标的学习经验的特征 59

第三章 如何为有效的教学组织学习经验 73

“组织”是什么 73

有效组织的标准 74

需要组织的要素 76

组织的原则 85

组织的结构 88

设计组织单元的过程 90

第四章 如何评估学习经验的有效性 95

评估的需要 95

有关评估的基本观念 96

评估程序 100

使用评估的结果 109

评估程序的其他价值和用途 112

第五章 学校和学院教师如何进行编制课程的工作 115

英文原著部分 121

INTRODUCTION 121

1．WHAT EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES SHOULD THE SCHOOL SEEK TO ATTAIN? 123

Studies of the Learners Themselves as a Source of Educational Objectives 125

Studies of Contemporary Life Outside the School 136

Suggestions About Objectivesfrom Subject Specialists 145

The Use of Philosophy in Selecting Objectives 153

The Use of a Psychology of Learning in Selecting Objectives 157

Stating Objectives in a Form to be Helpful in Selecting Learning Experiences and in Guiding Teaching 163

2．HOW CAN LEARNING EXPERIENCES BE SELECTED WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BE USEFUL IN ATTAINING THESE OBJECTIVES? 183

Meaning of the Term"Learning Experience" 183

General Principles in Selecting Learning Experiences 185

Illustrations of the Characteristics of Learning Experiences Useful in Attaining Various Types of Objectives 188

3．HOW CAN LEARNING EXPERIENCES BE ORGANIZED FOR EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION? 203

What is Meant by"Organization" 203

Criteria for Effective Organization 204

Elements to Be Organized 206

Organizing Principles 215

The Organizing Structure 218

The Process of Planning a Unit of Organization 220

4．HOW CAN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES BE EVALUATED? 225

The Need for Evaluation 225

Basic Notions Regarding Evaluation 226

Evaluation Procedures 231

Using the Results of Evaluation 241

Other Values and Uses of Evaluation Procedures 244

5．HOW A SCHOOL OR COLLEGE STAFF MAY WORK ON CURRICULUM BUILDING? 247