Low speed wind tunnel testingPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Aerodynamics 2

1.2 Properties of Air and Water 7

1.3 Flow Similarity 9

1.4 Incompressible Flow 13

1.5 Time Dependence of the Solutions 15

1.6 Aeroacoustics 15

References and Notes 17

2 Wind Tunnels 19

2.1 Important Parameters for Similarity 19

2.2 Research and Development Programs 23

2.3 Types of Wind Tunnels 25

2.4 Aeronautical Wind Tunnels 29

2.5 Smoke Tunnels 35

2.6 Automobile Wind Tunnels 35

2.7 Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnels 38

2.8 Water Tunnels 40

2.9 General-Purpose Wind Tunnels 41

2.10 Environmental Wind Tunnels 48

References and Notes 58

3 Wind Tunnel Design 61

3.1 Overall Aerodynamic Objective 62

3.2 Basic Decisions 62

3.3 Power Considerations 70

3.4 Section Loss Coefficients 77

3.5 Energy Ratios of Some Typical Circuits 99

3.6 Fan-Straightener Section 102

3.7 Return （or Second） Diffuser 120

3.8 Cooling 121

3.9 Breather：Vibrations 123

3.10 Test-Section Flow Quality 123

3.11 Approach to Flow Improvement 125

3.12 Drive System 127

3.13 Wind Tunnel Construction 128

3.14 Test-Section Inserts 130

3.15 Safety 131

References and Notes 132

4 Pressure，Flow，and Shear Stress Measurements 136

4.1 Pressure 137

4.2 Temperature 153

4.3 Flow Instrumentation 154

4.4 Boundary Layers and Surface Shear Stress 170

4.5 Flow Field and Surface Analyses 176

References and Notes 185

5 Flow Visualization 188

5.1 Path-，Streak-，Stream-，and Timelines 189

5.2 Direct Visualization 191

5.3 Surface Flow Visualization 192

5.4 Flow Field Visualization 207

5.5 Data-Driven Visualization 212

References and Notes 216

6 Calibration of the Test Section 218

6.1 Test-Section Flow Calibration 218

6.2 Wind Tunnel Boundary Layers 227

6.3 Acoustics 229

6.4 Wind Tunnel Data Systems 230

References and Notes 232

7 Forces and Moments from Balance Measurements 234

7.1 Forces，Moments，and Reference Frames 234

7.2 Balances 239

7.3 Balance Requirements and Specifications 244

7.4 External Balances 248

7.5 Fundamentals of Model Installations 264

7.6 Internal Balances 288

References and Notes 299

8 Use of Wind Tunnel Data：Scale Effects 301

8.1 Boundary Layer 302

8.2 Trip Strip 306

8.3 Drag 313

8.4 Lift Curve 317

8.5 Flap Characteristics 320

8.6 Pitching Moment 322

8.7 Longitudinal Stability and Control 322

8.8 Directional Stability and Control 323

8.9 Lateral Stability and Control 323

8.10 Correlation of Wind Tunnel to Flight Data 324

References and Notes 325

9 Boundary Corrections Ⅰ：Basics and Two-Dimensional Cases 328

9.1 Descriptions of Wind Tunnel Flow 330

9.2 Mathematical Models 335

9.3 Related Developments 346

9.4 Bodies Spanning the Tunnel 349

References and Notes 364

10 Boundary CorrectionsⅡ：Three-Dimensional Flow 367

10.1 Buoyancy 367

10.2 Solid Blockage 368

10.3 Wake Blockage 370

10.4 Streamline Curvature 376

10.5 General Downwash Corrections 377

10.6 Lift Distribution Interference 382

10.7 Downwash Corrections 384

10.8 Flow behind the Wing 399

10.9 Summary：Closed Test Section 412

10.10 Summary：Open Jet 425

References and Notes 425

11 Boundary CorrectionsⅢ：Additional Applications 428

11.1 Reflection Plane Models 428

11.2 Swept Wings：Nonuniform Lift 430

11.3 Control Surface Hinge Moments 431

11.4 Ground Proximity Effects for Aircraft 431

11.5 Downwash Corrections：Powered Models 433

11.6 Boundary Correction：Propellers 433

11.7 Boundary Effects：V/STOL Experiments 435

References and Notes 441

12 Additional Considerations for Aerodynamic Experiments 444

12.1 Wind Tunnel Experiments 444

12.2 Uncertainty of Measurements 445

12.3 Aspects of Design of Experiments 458

12.4 Model Design and Construction 461

12.5 Planning the Experiment 469

12.6 Arranging for Use of Facilities 470

References and Notes 471

13 Aircraft and Aircraft Components 473

13.1 General Test Procedure 473

13.2 Components 477

13.3 Complete Configurations 513

13.4 Power Effects of Propeller Aircraft 532

13.5 Power Effects of Jet Aircraft 544

13.6 V/STOL Vehicles 550

13.7 Reentry Landing Craft 560

References and Notes 560

14 Ground Vehicles 563

14.1 Production Automobiles 566

14.2 Racing Vehicles 571

14.3 Trucks，Motorcycles，and Other Vehicles 575

14.4 Systems for Ground Vehicle Experiments 579

References and Notes 606

15 Marine Vehicles 609

15.1 Surface Vessels：Above the Water 609

15.2 Surface Vessels：Below the Water 615

15.3 Underwater Vehicles 627

15.4 Sailing Vessels 630

References and Notes 649

16 Wind Engineering 652

16.1 Modeling the Atmospheric Surface Wind 653

16.2 Local Pressures and Panel Loads 659

16.3 Loads on Complete Structures 660

16.4 Structures Exhibiting Elastic Motion 661

References and Notes 664

17 Small Wind Tunnels 665

17.1 Tests Least Affected by Reynolds Number 665

17.2 The Small Wind Tunnel for Instruction 666

17.3 Low-Reynolds-Number Testing 673

References and Notes 679

18 Dynamic Tests 680

18.1 Spin Characteristics and Spin Recovery 680

18.2 Dynamic Aeroelastic Experiments 683

18.3 Store Release or Jettison Experiments 690

18.4 Parabrake Evaluations 694

18.5 Cavity Resonance 694

References and Notes 695

Appendix 1 Subsonic Aerodynamic Testing Association （SATA） 697

Appendix 2 Numerical Constants and Unit Conversions 701

Index 703