HUMAN BIOLOGYPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER1 Exploring Life and Science 1

1.1 The Characteristics of Life 2

1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals 6

1.3 Science as a Process 8

1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study 12

1.5 Science and Social Responsibility 14

PARTⅠ Human Organization 19

CHAPTER2 Chemistry of Life 19

2.1 From Atoms to Molecules 20

2.2 Water and Living Things 24

2.3 Molecules of Life 27

2.4 Carbohydrates 28

2.5 Lipids 30

2.6 Proteins 32

2.7 Nucleic Acids 35

CHAPTER3 Cell Structure and Function 41

3.1 What Is a Cell？ 42

3.2 How Cells Are Organized 44

3.3 The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It 46

3.4 The Nucleus and the Production of Proteins 49

3.5 The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement 51

3.6 Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism 52

CHAPTER4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems 61

4.1 Types of Tissues 62

4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports 62

4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body 65

4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates 66

4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects 68

4.6 Cell Junctions 70

4.7 Integumentary System 71

4.8 Organ Systems 74

4.9 Homeostasis 78

PARTⅡ Maintenance of the Human Body 85

CHAPTER5 Cardiovascular System：Heart and Blood Vessels 85

5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 86

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels 87

5.3 The Heart Is a Double Pump 88

5.4 Features of the Cardiovascular System 92

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways 94

5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries 96

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders 97

CHAPTER6 Cardiovascular System：Blood 105

6.1 Blood：An Overview 106

6.2 Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen 108

6.3 White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease 110

6.4 Platelets and Blood Clotting 113

6.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions 114

6.6 Homeostasis 116

CHAPTER7 Lymphatic System and Immunity 121

7.1 Microbes，Pathogens，and You 122

7.2 The Lymphatic System 126

7.3 Nonspecific Defenses 128

7.4 Specific Defenses 130

7.5 Acquired Immunity 136

7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions 138

CHAPTER8 Digestive System and Nutrition 143

8.1 Overview of Digestion 144

8.2 First Part of the Digestive Tract 146

8.3 The Stomach and Small Intestine 148

8.4 Three Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions 152

8.5 The Large Intestine and Defecation 154

8.6 Nutrition and Weight Control 156

CHAPTER9 Respiratory System 169

9.1 The Respiratory System 170

9.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract 171

9.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract 173

9.4 Mechanism of Breathing 174

9.5 Control of Ventilation 177

9.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body 178

9.7 Respiration and Health 180

CHAPTER10 Urinary System and Excretion 187

10.1 Urinary System 188

10.2 Kidney Structure 191

10.3 Urine Formation 195

10.4 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys 197

10.5 Problems with Kidney Function 200

10.6 Homeostasis 201

PARTⅢ Movement and Support in Humans 207

CHAPTER11 Skeletal System 207

11.1 Overview of the Skeletal System 208

11.2 Bone Growth，Remodeling，and Repair 210

11.3 Bones of the Axial Skeleton 216

11.4 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton 220

11.5 Articulations 222

CHAPTER12 Muscular System 227

12.1 Overview of Muscular System 228

12.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction 232

12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction 236

12.4 Muscular Disorders 240

12.5 Homeostasis 242

PARTⅣ Integration and Coordination in Humans 247

CHAPTER13 Nervous System 247

13.1 Overview of the Nervous System 248

13.2 The Central Nervous System 254

13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions 260

13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 262

13.5 Drug Abuse 267

CHAPTER14 Senses 273

14.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 274

14.2 Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors 276

14.3 Senses of Taste and Smell 278

14.4 Sense of Vision 280

14.5 Sense of Hearing 286

14.6 Sense of Equilibrium 291

CHAPTER15 Endocrine System 295

15.1 Endocrine Glands 296

15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 300

15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 303

15.4 Adrenal Glands 305

15.5 Pancreas 308

15.6 Other Endocrine Glands 311

15.7 Homeostasis 314

PARTⅤ Reproduction in Humans 319

CHAPTER16 Reproductive System 319

16.1 Human Life Cycle 320

16.2 Male Reproductive System 321

16.3 Female Reproductive System 324

16.4 Female Hormone Levels 326

16.5 Control of Reproduction 331

16.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 336

AIDS Supplement 343

S.1 Origin and Prevalence of HIV 344

S.2 Phases of an HIV Infection 346

S.3 HIV Structure and Life Cycle 348

CHAPTER17 Development and Aging 353

17.1 Fertilization 354

17.2 Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development 355

17.3 Fetal Development 360

17.4 Pregnancy and Birth 368

17.5 Development After Birth 370

PARTⅥ Human Genetics 377

CHAPTER18 Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance 377

18.1 Chromosomes and the Cell Cycle 378

18.2 Mitosis 381

18.3 Meiosis 385

18.4 Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis 389

18.5 Chromosome Inheritance 393

CHAPTER19 Cancer 403

19.1 Cancer Cells 404

19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer 408

19.3 Diagnosis of Cancer 411

19.4 Treatment of Cancer 414

CHAPTER20 Patterns of Genetic Inheritance 421

20.1 Genotype and Phenotype 422

20.2 One-and Two-Trait Inheritance 423

20.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns 433

20.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance 436

CHAPTER21 DNA Biology and Technology 443

21.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function 444

21.2 Gene Expression 447

21.3 Genomics 454

21.4 DNA Technology 458

PARTⅦ Human Evolution and Ecology 467

CHAPTER22 Human Evolution 467

22.1 Origin of Life 468

22.2 Biological Evolution 470

22.3 Classification of Humans 475

22.4 Evolution of Hominids 479

22.5 Evolution of Humans 481

CHAPTER23 Global Ecology and Human Interferences 491

23.1 The Nature of Ecosystems 493

23.2 Energy Flow 497

23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 498

CHAPTER24 Human Population，Planetary Resources，and Conservation 511

24.1 Human Population Growth 512

24.2 Human Use of Resources and Pollution 514

24.3 Biodiversity 524

24.4 WorkingToward a Sustainable Society 530

APPENDIX：Answer Key 537

GLOSSARY 547

CREDITS 567

INDEX 569