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Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells 1

1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 2

2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria 34

3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 56

4．Amino Acids 81

5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure 107

6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure 158

7．Carbohdrates 209

8．Lipids 238

9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces 259

10．Membrane Transport 296

11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 327

12．Structure of Nucleic Acids 356

13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes 395

Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics 425

14．Enzyme Kinetics 426

15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation 460

16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 500

17．Molecular Motors 533

Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation 565

18．Metabolism：An Overview 566

19．Glycolysis 609

20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 639

21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 673

22．Photosynthesis 709

23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 742

24．Fatty Acid Catabolism 775

25．Lipid Biosynthesis 802

26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism 852

27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides 899

28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways 927

Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer 949

29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation 950

30．DNA Replication and Repair 984

31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression 1014

32．The Genetic Code 1069

33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation 1089

HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY 54

Chapter 2 Blood pH and Respiration 54

Chapter 6 Collagen-Related Diseases 178

A Mutant Protein That Folds Slowly Can Cause Emphysema and Liver Damage 194

Faster-Acting Insulin：Genetic Engineering Solves a Quaternary Structure Problem 207

Chapter 8 Coumarin or Warfarin—Agent of Life or Death 254

Plant Sterols—Natural Cholesterol Fighters 256

17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 Deficiency 257

Chapter 9 Treating Allergies at the Cell Membrane 273

A Prenyl Protein Protease Is a New Chemotherapy Target 278

Selectins,Rolling Leukocytes,and the Inflammatory Response 283

Chapter 10 Cardiac Glycosides：Potent Drugs from Ancient Times 306

Chapter 11 Adenosine：A Nucleoside with Physiological Activity 332

Chapter 12 Telomeres and Tumors 382

Chapter 13 The Human Genome Project 412

The Biochemical Defects in Cystic Fibrosis and ADA—SCID 420

Chapter 15 Hemoglobin and Nitric Oxide 493

Chapter 16 Protease Inhibitors Give Life to AIDS Patients 524

Chapter 17 The Molecular Defect in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Involves an Actin-Anchoring Protein 548

Smooth Muscle Effectors Are Useful Drugs 561

Chapter 18 Thiamine and Beriberi 588

Niacin and Pellagra 590

Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia 599

Ascorbic Acid and Scurvy 600

Vitamin D and Rickets 605

Vitamin K and Blood Clotting 607

Chapter 25 Lovastatin Lowers Serum Cholesterol Levels 840

Chapter 26 Homocysteine and Heart Attacks 879

Chapter 28 Controlling Obesity—Leptin Is a Protein That Stimulates“Fat Burning” 945

Chapter 29 Prions：Proteins as Genetic Agents？ 979

CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 92

Chapter 4 Green Fluorescent Protein—The“Light Fantastic” from Jellyfish to Gene Expression 92

Discovery of Optically Active Molecules and Determination of Absolute Configuration 97

Rules for Description of Chiral Centers in the（R,S）System 99

Chapter 6 In Bed with a Cold,Pauling Stumbles onto the α-Helix and a Nobel Prize 167

Thermodynamics of the Folding Process in Globular Proteins 192

Chapter 13 Combinatorial Libraries 406

Identifying Specific DNA Sequences by Southern Blotting（Southern Hybridization） 410

Chapter 16 Transition-Srate Stabilization in the Serine Proteases 519

The pH Dependence of Aspartic Proteases and HIV-1 Protease 525

Chapter 17 Effectors of Microtubule Polymerization as Therapeutic Agents 538

Molecular“Tweezers”of Light Take the Measure of a Muscle Fiber's Force 554

Chapter 21 Oxidative Phosphorylation—The Clash of Ideas and Energetic Personalities 693

Chapter 22 Experiments with Isolated Chloroplasts Provided the First Direct Evidence for the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 728

Chapter 23 The Pioneering Studies of Carl and Gerty Cori 750

Chapter 25 The Long Search for the Route to Cholesterol Biosynthesis 838

Chapter 27 Enzyme Inhibition by Fluoro Compounds 924

ADEEPER LOOK 53

Chapter 2 How the Bicarbonate Buffer System Works 53

Entropy,Information,and the Importance of“Negentropy” 60

Chapter 4 The Murchison Meteorite—Discovery of Extraterrestrial Handedness 98

Chapter 5 The Virtually Limitless Number of Different Amino Acid Sequences 116

Estimation of Protein Concentrations in Solutions of Biological Origin 129

Chapter 6 Knowing What the Right Hand and Left Hand Are Doing 164

Charlotte's Web Revisited：Helix-Sheet Composites in Spider Dragline Silk 175

The Coiled Coil Motif in Proteins 188

Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells 1

1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 2

2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria 34

3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 56

4．Amino Acids 81

5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure 107

6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure 158

7．Carbohydrates 209

8．Lipids 238

9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces 259

10．Membrane Transport 296

11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 327

12．Structure of Nucleic Acids 356

13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes 395

Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics 425

14．Enzyme Kinetics 426

15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation 460

16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 500

17．Molecular Motors 533

Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation 565

18．Metabolism：An Overview 566

19．Glycolysis 609

20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 639

21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 673

22．Photosynthesis 709

23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 742

24．Fatty Acid Catabolism 775

25．Lipid Biosynthesis 802

26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism 852

27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides 899

28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways 927

Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer 949

29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation 950

30．DNA Replication and Repair 984

31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression 1014

32．The Genetic Code 1069

33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation 1089

Immunoglobulins—All the Features of Protein Structure Brought Together 205

Chapter 7 Trehalose—A Natural Protectant for Bugs 223

Honey—An Ancestral Carbohydrate Treat 224

Billiard Balls,Exploding Teeth,and Dynamite—The Colorful History of Cellulose 234

Chapter 8 Fatty Acids in Fopds：Saturated Versus Unsaturated 241

Polar Bears Use Triacylgylcerols to Survive Long Periods of Fasting 243

Prochirallty 244

Glycerophospholipid Degradation：One of the Effects of Snake Venoms 246

Platelet Activating Factor：A Potent Glyceroether Mediator 247

Moby Dick and Spermaceti：A Valuable Wax from Whale Oil 251

Why Do Plants Emit Isoprene？ 253

Chapter 9 Exterminator Proteins—Biological Pest Control at the Membrane 275

Chapter 10 Melittin—How to Sting Like a Bee 319

Chapter 11 Peptide Nucleic Acids（PNAs）Are Synthetic Mimics of DNA and RNA 347

Chapter 13 The Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Involved in Specific Protein-Protein Interactions 417

Chapter 14 An Example of the Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions on Km and kcat：Wild-Type and Mutant Forms of Human Sulfite Oxidase 441

The Equations of Competitive Inhibition 445

Chapter 15 Protein Kinases：Target Recognition and Intrasteric Control 466

An Alternative Allosteric Model：The Sequential Allosteric Model of Koshland,Nemethy,and Filmer 472

The Physiological Significance of the Hb：O2 Interaction 484

Changes in the Heme Iron upon O2-Binding 487

Chapter 16 What Is the Rate Enhancement of an Enzyme？ 502

Chapter 17 Viscous Solutions Reflect Long-Range Molecular Interactions 551

Chapter 18 Calcium Carbonate—A Biological Sink for CO2 571

A Fad Diet—Low Carbohydrates,High Protein,High Fat 585

Riboflavin and Old Yellow Enzyme 592

Fritz Lipmann and Coenzyme A 594

Vitamin B6 597

Biotin 601

Lipoic Acid 601

Folic Acid,Pterins,and Insect Wings 602

β-Carotene and Vision 604

Vitamin E 606

Chapter 19 The Chemical Evidence for the Schiff Base Intermediate in Class I Aldolases 622

Chapter 20 Reaction Mechanism of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 646

Fool's Gold and the Reductive Citric Acid Cycle—The First Metabolic Pathway？ 664

Chapter 23 Carbohydrate Utilization in Exercise 759

Chapter 24 The Akee Tree 786

The Activation of Vitamin B12 793

Chapter 25 Choosing the Best Organism for the Experiment 810

The Discovery of Prostaglandins 831

The Molecular Basis for the Action of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 834

Chapter 26 The Mechanism of the Aminotransferase（Transamination）Reaction 869

The Urea Cycle as Both an Ammonium and a Bicarbonate Disposal Mechanism 872

Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides 888

Histidine—A Clue to Understanding Early Evolution？ 890

The Serine Dehydratase Reaction—a β-Elimination 892

Chapter 27 Tetrahydrofolate（THF）and Ohe-Carbon Units 901

ATP Changes the Keq for a Process by a Factor of 108 934

Chapter 29 “Knockout”Mice：A Method To Investigate the Essentiality of a Gene 981

Chapter 30 A Mechanism for All Polymerases 996

Telomeres—A Timely End to Chromosomes？ 1008

Chapter 31 Conventions Employed in Expressing the Sequences of Nucleic Acids and Proteins 1016

DNA Footprinting—Identifying the Nucleotide Sequence in DNA Where a Protein Binds 1018

Quantitative Evaluation of lac Repressor：DNA Interactions 1033

Storage of Long-Term Memory Depends on Gene Expression Activated by CREB-Type Transcription Factors 1056

Chapter 32 Natural Variations in the Standard Genetic Code 1074

Chapter 33 Molecular Mimicry—The Structures of EF-Tu：Aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-G 1104