环境监测 英文PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Environment and Environmental Problems 1

1.2 Environment Monitoring，Purpose and Categories of Monitoring 2

1.2.1 Concept for environment monitoring 2

1.2.2 Purpose of environment monitoring 3

1.2.3 Categories of environment monitoring 3

1.3 Environment Monitoring Technology 4

1.3.1 Development of environment monitoring 4

1.3.2 Environment monitoring technology 5

1.3.3 Procedure for environment monitoring 7

1.4 Environment Standards 8

1.4.1 Definition of environment standards 8

1.4.2 Components of China environment standard system 8

Questions 10

Chapter 2 Water Quality Monitoring 11

2.1 Overview 11

2.1.1 Water pollution and water quality 12

2.1.2 Object and objective of water quality monitoring 13

2.1.3 Water quality monitoring items 13

2.1.4 Water quality monitoring and analysis methods 15

2.2 Water Sample Collection and Preservation 17

2.2.1 Sampling site setting 18

2.2.2 Water sample collection 24

2.2.3 Water sample preservation 26

2.3 Physical Properties of Water 28

2.3.1 Temperature 28

2.3.2 Taste and odor 29

2.3.3 Color 31

2.3.4 Turbidity 32

2.3.5 Residues 34

2.3.6 Conductivity 35

2.4 Determination of Trace Metals 37

2.4.1 Mercury 38

2.4.2 Copper，zinc，lead，cadmium 39

2.4.3 Calcium and magnesium 41

2.5 Determination of Synthetical Index 42

2.5.1 Acidity and alkalinity 42

2.5.2 pH 43

2.5.3 DO 44

2.5.4 Nitrogen compounds 47

2.5.5 Sulfide 51

2.5.6 Phosphorus-containing compounds 54

2.6 Determination of Organic Pollutants 55

2.6.1 COD 55

2.6.2 Permanganate index 58

2.6.3 BOD 59

2.6.4 TOC 62

2.6.5 Specific organic pollutants 62

2.7 Biological Monitoring of Water Pollution 68

2.7.1 Purpose and items for monitoring.sample collection 68

2.7.2 Monitoring methods for biocoenosis 69

2.7.3 Testing methods for biological toxicity 73

2.7.4 Testing method of bacteriology 76

Summary 79

Questions 81

Common used instruments for water quality monitoring 82

Chapter 3 Atmospheric Monitoring 94

3.1 Overview 94

3.1.1 Atmosphere and its composition 95

3.1.2 Atmospheric pollution and pollutants 97

3.1.3 Atmospheric pollutants concentration 98

3.2 Atmospheric Monitoring Purpose and Scheme 99

3.2.1 Purpose and methods 100

3.2.2 Investigation and data collected 100

3.2.3 Monitoring items 101

3.3 Atmosphere Samples Collection 102

3.3.1 Layout of monitoring points 102

3.3.2 Sampling frequency and sampling time 105

3.3.3 Sampling method 107

3.3.4 Sampler 111

3.4 Gaseous Pollutants Monitoring 113

3.4.1 SO2 113

3.4.2 NOx 115

3.4.3 O3 118

3.4.4 VOCs and formaldehyde 119

3.5 Monitoring of Atmospheric Particles 121

3.5.1 Mass concentration 121

3.5.2 Determination of chemical components 124

3.6 Precipitation Monitoring 131

3.6.1 Layout of sampling points 131

3.6.2 Sampling 132

3.6.3 Determination of precipitation components 133

3.7 Pollution Sources Monitoring 135

3.7.1 Stationary source monitoring 135

3.7.2 Mobile source monitoring 147

3.8 Biological Monitoring of Atmosphere Pollution 150

3.8.1 Plants monitoring methods 150

3.8.2 Animal monitoring method 154

3.8.3 Microorganism monitoring method 154

Summary 156

Questions 158

Common used instruments for atmosphere monitoring 159

Chapter 4 Solid Wastes Monitoring 166

4.1 Overview 166

4.1.1 Definition of solid wastes 166

4.1.2 Classification for solid wastes 167

4.1.3 Monitoring contents for solid wastes 169

4.2 Samples Collection and Preparation for Solid Wastes 170

4.2.1 Samples collection 170

4.2.2 Sampling preparations 176

4.2.3 Samples preservation 177

4.2.4 Water content and pH of samples determination 177

4.3 Monitoring of Hazardous Characteristics of Solid Wastes 178

4.3.1 Identification ofacute toxicity 178

4.3.2 Testing of corrosivity 178

4.3.3 Testing of inflammability 179

4.3.4 Testing of reactivity 179

4.3.5 Extraction toxicity 180

4.4 Monitoring of Domestic Wastes 181

4.4.1 Domestic wastes and classification 181

4.4.2 Samples collection and preparation for domestic wastes 182

4.4.3 Analysis on the characteristics of domestic wastes 183

4.4.4 Monitoring of wastes landfill sites 185

Summary 187

Questions 189

Common used instruments for solid waste monitoring 190

Chapter 5 Soil Monitoring 191

5.1 Soil and Soil Contamination 191

5.1.1 Overview of soil 191

5.1.2 Characteristics of soil composition 192

5.1.3 Soil background value 195

5.1.4 Soil contamination and characteristics 195

5.2 The Classification and Items for Soil Monitoring 197

5.2.1 Classification 197

5.2.2 Monitoring items 198

5.3 Soil Sample Collection 198

5.3.1 Stationing 199

5.3.2 Sampling depth 200

5.3.3 Sampling time 202

5.3.4 Sampling quantity 202

5.3.5 Sample collection for soil background value 203

5.4 Preparation and Storage of Soil Samples 205

5.4.1 Preparation of soil samples 205

5.4.2 Storage of soil samples 206

5.5 Pretreatment of Soil Samples 206

5.5.1 Decomposition method 207

5.5.2 Extraction method 208

5.6 Testing of Soil Samples 209

5.7 Biological Monitoring of Soil Contamination 209

5.7.1 Monitoring method of plants 210

5.7.2 Monitoring method of animals 210

5.7.3 Monitoring method of microorganisms 210

Summary 212

Questions 214

Common used instruments for soil monitoring 215

Chapter 6 Noise Pollution Monitoring 217

6.1 Noise definition，hazards and sources 217

6.2 Characteristics of Noise Pollution 218

6.3 Physical Properties and Measuring of Sound 218

6.3.1 The sound occurrence，frequency，wavelength and speed 218

6.3.2 Sound power，sound intensity and sound pressure 219

6.3.3 Decibel，sound power level，sound intensity level， and sound pressure level 219

6.3.4 Noise superposition and subtraction 220

6.4 Noise Subjective Assessment and Evaluation Parameters 223

6.4.1 Loudness and loudness level 223

6.4.2 Weighted sound level 223

6.4.3 Sound level evaluation 223

6.5 Noise Measuring Instruments 225

6.6 Noise Monitoring 226

6.6.1 Environmental standards for noise 226

6.6.2 Urban environmental noise monitoring 228

6.6.3 Industrial enterprises noise monitoring 230

6.6.4 Motor vehicles noise monitoring 230

6.6.5 Aircraft noise monitoring around airport 231

Summary 233

Questions 234

Common used instruments for noise monitoring 235

Chapter 7 Environmental Emergency Monitoring 237

7.1 Basic Concepts 237

7.1.1 Sudden environmental pollution accidents 237

7.1.2 Emergency monitoring 237

7.1.3 Sudden environmental pollution accidents treatment and disposal 238

7.2 Sudden Environmental Pollution Accidents Types and Characteristics 238

7.2.1 Types 238

7.2.2 Characteristics 240

7.3 Nuclear Accident Emergency Monitoring and Treatment and Disposal 241

7.3.1 Content of radioactivity monitoring 241

7.3.2 Instruments of radioactivity monitoring 241

7.3.3 General radiation incidents 242

7.3.4 Large radiation accidents 242

7.3.5 Radiation dose and its units 244

7.4 Toxic Gas Leak Pollution Accidents Emergency Monitoring Treatment and Disposal 246

7.4.1 Carbon monoxide leak(poisoning) accident 246

7.4.2 Hydrogen cyanide spill accident 248

7.4.3 Ammonia spill accident 249

7.5 Toxic Chemicals Pollution Accident Emergency Monitoring and Treatment and Disposal 251

7.5.1 Cadmium poisoning 251

7.5.2 Hexavalent chromium poisoning 252

7.5.3 Mercury poisoning 253

7.5.4 Thallium poisoning 254

7.5.5 Benzene poisoning 256

Summary 257

Questions 258

Common used instruments for emergency monitoring 259

Chapter 8 Environmental Monitoring Quality Management 261

8.1 Significance and Contents of Quality Guarantee 261

8.2 Data Processing 262

8.2.1 Error and deviation 262

8.2.2 Population，sample and mean value 265

8.2.3 Accuracy and precision 266

8.2.4 Data processing 267

8.3 Laboratory Quality Assurance 271

8.3.1 Basis of laboratory 271

8.3.2 Environmental reference materials 272

8.3.3 Quality control of experimental process 274

8.3.4 Laboratory quality control 276

8.3.5 Interlaboratory quality control 280

Summary 282

Questions 283

Reference 284

Acknowledgements 285

About the Author 286

Abbreviations and Acronyms 287