西方文明史 英文 第5版 精编普及版PDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION THE IDEA OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 2

CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 4

INTRODUCTION 4

BEFORE CIVILIZATION 5

The Dominance of Culture 5

Social Organization,Agriculture,and Religion 6

MESOPOTAMIA 6

The Ramparts of Uruk 7

Tools：Technology and Writing 7

Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia 7

Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire 8

THE GIFT OF THE NILE 10

Tending the Cattle of God 10

Democratization of the Afterlife 11

BETWEEN TWO WORLDS 11

The Hebrew Alternative 12

A King Like All the Nations 12

Exile 13

NINEVEH AND BABYLON 14

The Assyrian Empire 14

The New Babylonian Empire 14

CONCLUSION 14

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 15

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 15

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 15

CHAPTER 2 GREEK PERIOD 16

INTRODUCTION 16

GREECE IN THE BRONZE AGE TO 700 B.C.E. 18

Islands of Peace 18

Mainland of War 19

The Dark Age 19

ARCHAIC GREECE,700-500 B.C.E. 20

Ethnos and Polis 20

Technology of Writing 21

Gods and Mortals 21

Myth and Reason 21

Art and the Individual 22

Democratic Athens 23

CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE,500-100 B.C.E. 23

ALEXANDER AT ISSUS 23

ATHENIAN CULTURE IN THE HELLENIC AGE 24

The Examined Life 24

Understanding the Past 25

Athenian Drama 26

Philosophy and the Polis 26

The Rise of Macedon 27

The Empire of Alexander the Great 28

Binding Together an Empire 28

THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 29

Urban Life and Culture 29

Alexandria 30

Architecture and Art 30

Hellenistic Philosophy 30

Mathematics and Science 31

CONCLUSION 32

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 32

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 32

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 32

CHAPTER 3 THE ROMAN PERIOD 34

INTRODUCTION 34

THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO 509 B.C.E. 35

Carthage：The Merchants of Baal 35

Italy's First Civilization 35

FROM CITY TO EMPIRE,509-146 B.C.E. 37

Latin Rome 37

Etruscan Rome 37

Rome and Italy 37

REPUBLICAN CIVILIZATION 38

Farmers and Soldiers 38

Roman Religion 38

Republican Letters 38

THE CRISIS OF ROMAN VIRTUE 39

IMPERIAL ROME,146 B.C.E.-192 C.E. 39

THE ALTAR OF AUGUSTAN PEACE 39

THE PRICE OF EMPIRE,146-121 B.C.E. 40

Winners and Losers 40

THE END OF THE REPUBLIC 41

THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND THE PAX ROMANA 43

RELIGIONS FROM THE EAST 45

The Origins of Christianity 46

CONCLUSION 48

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 48

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 48

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 48

CHAPTER 4 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CLASSICAL WORLD,192-500 50

INTRODUCTION 50

THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY 51

Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest 52

An Empire on the Defensive 53

The Barbarian Menace 53

THE EMPIRE RESTORED 54

Diocletian,the God-Emperor 54

Constantine,the Emperor of God 55

The Triumph of Christianity 56

IMPERLAL CHRISTIANITY 56

Divinity,Humanity,and Salvation 57

The Call of the Desert 58

Monastic Communities 59

The Barbarization of the West 60

The New Barbarian Kingdoms 61

The Hellenization of the East 62

CONCLUSION 62

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 63

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 63

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 63

CHAPTER 5 THE CLASSICAL LEGACY IN THE EAST：BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM 64

INTRODUCTION 64

THE BYZANTINES 65

Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State 65

THE RISE OF ISLAM 67

Arabia Before the Prophet 67

The Triumph of Islam 67

The Spread of Islam 68

Authority and Government in Islam 68

Islamic Civilization 69

THE BYZANTINE APOGEE AND DECLINE,1000-1453 69

The Disintegration of the Empire 70

The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad 70

CONCLUSION 71

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 71

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 72

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 72

CHAPTER 6 THE WEST IN THE MIDDLE AGES 74

INTRODUCTION 74

THE MAKING OF THE BARBARIAN KINGDOMS,500-750 75

Italy：From Ostrogoths to Lombards 76

Visigothic Spain：Intolerance and Destruction 76

The Anglo-Saxons：From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries 76

The Franks：An Enduring Legacy 78

Creating the European Aristocracy 78

THE CAROLINGIAN ACHIEVEMENT 79

The Carolingian Renaissance 80

AFTER THE CAROLINGIANS：FROM EMPIRE TO LORDSHIPS 80

Disintegration of the Empire 81

THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 81

The Church：Saints and Monks 82

Crusaders：Soldiers of God 83

The Idea of the Crusade 83

Scholasticism and Urban Intellectual Life 83

THE INVENTION OF THE STATE 86

The Universal States：Empire and Papacy 86

The Nation-States：France and England 88

THE SPIRIT OF THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 90

The Crisis of the Papacy 91

Discerning the Spirit of God 92

Heresy and Revolt 93

Religious Persecution in Spain 93

Vernacular Literature and the Individual 94

CONCLUSION 95

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 96

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 96

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 96

CHAPTER 7 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 98

INTRODUCTION 98

RENAISSANCE SOCIETY 99

Cities and Countryside 100

Production and Consumption 100

RENAISSANCE ART 101

An Architect,a Sculptor,and a Painter 102

Renaissance Style 102

Michelangelo 103

RENAISSANCE IDEALS 104

Humanists and the Liberal Arts 105

Renaissance Science 106

Machiavelli and Politics 106

THE POLITICS OF THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES 107

Venice：A Seaborne Empire 107

Florence：Spinning Cloth into Gold 108

The End of Italian Hegemony,1450-1527 110

CONCLUSION 111

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 111

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 111

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 111

CHAPTER 8 THE REFORM OF RELIGION 112

INTRODUCTION 112

THE INTELLECTUAL REFORMATION 114

The Print Revolution 114

Christian Humanism 115

The Humanist Movement 115

The Wit of Erasmus 116

THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION 117

The Spark of Reform 117

The Sale of Indulgences 117

Martin Luther Challenges the Church 118

Martin Luther's Faith 118

From Luther to Lutheranism 119

The Spread of Lutheranism 121

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 121

Geneva and Calvin 122

The English Reformation 123

The Reformation of the Radicals 125

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 126

The Spiritual Revival 126

Loyola's Pilgrimage 127

The Counter-Reformation 128

The Empire Reacts 129

CONCLUSION 130

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 130

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 130

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 131

CHAPTER 9 THE PERIOD OF MODERN EUROPE 132

INTRODUCTION 132

ECONOMIC LIFE 133

Rural Life 133

Town Life 135

Economic Change 136

SOCIAL LIFE 137

Social Constructs 137

Social Structure 138

Social Change 139

THE ROYAL STATE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 141

THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATE 141

Divine Kings 142

THE CRISES OF THE ROYAL STATE 144

The English Civil War 144

The English Revolutions 146

THE ZENITH OF THE ROYAL STATE 147

The Nature of Absolute Monarchy 148

SCIENCE AND COMMERCE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE 149

The New Science 149

Heavenly Revolutions 149

Science Enthroned 152

The Marketplace of the World 153

The Colonial Wars 154

CONCLUSION 154

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 155

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 155

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 155

CHAPTER 10 THE ENLIGHTENMENT,FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONIC ERA 156

INTRODUCTION 156

THE ENLIGHTENMENT 157

The Spirit of the Enlightenment 157

The Impact of the Enlightenment 160

EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SOCIETY 161

The Bourgeoisie 161

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY 163

Declaring Political Rights 163

The Trials of Constitutional Monarchy 164

EXPERIMENTING WITH DEMOCRACY,1792-1799 165

The Revolution of the People 165

The End of the Revolution 165

THE REIGN OF NAPOLEON,1799-1815 166

Bonaparte Seizes Power 166

Decline and Fall 167

CONCLUSION 168

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 169

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 169

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 169

CHAPTER 11 EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 170

INTRODUCTION 170

THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY 171

The Agricultural Revolution 171

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 172

Britain First 173

Cotton Is King 174

The Wages of Progress 174

THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CONTINENT 176

THE BIRTH OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE 177

BUILDING NATIONS：THE POLITICS OF UNIFICATION 177

The Crimean War 177

The United States：Civil War and Reunification 179

Nationalism and Force 179

REFORMING EUROPEAN SOCIETY 179

The Second Empire in France,1852-1870 179

The Victorian Compromise 180

CHANGING VALUES AND THE FORCE OF NEW IDEAS 180

Realism in the Arts 180

Charles Darwin and the New Science 181

Karl Marx and the Science of Society 182

CONCLUSION 182

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 183

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 183

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 183

CHAPTER 12 EUROPEAND THE WORLD,1870-1914 184

INTRODUCTION 184

EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND THE POLITICS OF MASS SOCIETY 185

Regulating Boom and Bust 185

Challenging Liberal England 186

OUTSIDERS IN MASS POLITICS 187

The Jewish Question and Zionism 188

THE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLD 188

African Art and European Artists 188

Art and the New Age 189

THE POLITICS OF MAPMAKING 190

THE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER,1870-1914 191

Upsetting the European Balance of Power 191

THE NEW IMPERIALISM 193

Motives for Empire 193

THE SEARCH FOR TERRITORY AND MARKETS 195

The Scramble for Africa：Diplomacy and Conflict 195

Imperialism in Asia 198

The Imperialism of the United States 200

RESULTS OF AEUROPEAN-DOMINATED WORLD 200

A World Economy 200

Race and Culture 201

CONCLUSION 201

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 202

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 202

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 202

CHAPTER 13 WARAND REVOLUTION,1914-1920 204

INTRODUCTION 204

THE WAR EUROPE EXPECTED 205

Separating Friends from Foes 206

A NEW KIND OF WARFARE 206

Technology and the Trenches 207

The German Offensive 207

War on the Eastern Front 208

War on the Western Front 209

War on the Periphery 210

ADJUSTING TO THE UNEXPECTED：TOTAL WAR 210

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND ALLIED VICTORY 210

Revolution in Russia 211

SETTLING THE PEACE 213

Wilson's Fourteen Points 214

Treaties and Territories 214

CONCLUSION 216

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 216

DI SCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 216

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 217

CHAPTER 14 THE SECOND WORLD WAR 218

INTRODUCTION 218

EURROPE AFTER 1918 219

CRISIS AND COLLAPSE IN A WORLD ECONOMY 220

International Loans and Trade Barriers 220

The Great Depression 221

Stalin's Rise to Power 222

THE RISE OF FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY 222

Mussolini's Italy 222

Mussolini's Plans for Empire 223

HITLER AND THE THIRD REICH 223

Hitler's Rise to Power 224

Propaganda,Racism,and Culture 226

DEMOCRACIES IN CRISIS 226

AGGRESSION AND CONQUEST 226

Hitler's Foreign Policy and Appeasement 227

The Destruction of Europe's Jews 229

ALLIED VICTORY 230

The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War 230

The United States Enters the War 231

Winning the War in Europe 231

Winning the War in the Pacific 232

CONCLUSION 233

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 233

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 233

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 233

CHAPTER 15 THE COLD WAR AND POST-COLD WARPERIOD,1945 TO THE PRESENT 234

INTRODUCTION 234

THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 235

The World in Two Blocs 236

Decolonization and the Cold War 237

THE WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL TRANSFOR-MATION 238

THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW EUROPE 238

THE WEST IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY 239

European Union and the American Superpower 239

Terrorism：The“New Kind of War” 241

CONCLUSION 244

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 245

DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 246

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 246

GLOSSARY 247