公司信息系统管理 英文版·第4版PDF电子书下载

1．The Challenge of Information Systems Technology 1

Introduction to IT Management 1

Concepts of IT Management 3

Challenges in Managing IT Assimilation 4

A Young Technology 4

Technological Growth 5

IT End-User Coordination 5

Specialization 6

Shift in Focus 7

Questions from Senior Management 7

Issues in Information Technology 10

The IT Environment 10

IT Architecture and Organization 12

Management Processes 13

Project Management 14

IT Strategy 15

The IT Business 15

Conclusion 16

2．Manageable Trends 19

Underlying Themes 19

Theme 1:Strategic Impact 20

A Contingency Approach to IT Management 24

Theme 2:Integrating Changing Technology Platforms 30

Theme 3:Assimilating Emerging Technologies 31

Phase 1．Technology Identification and Investment 32

Phase 2．Technological Learning and Adaptation 32

Phase 3．Rationalization/Management Control 33

Phase 4．Maturity/Widespread Technology Transfer 33

Theme 4:Sourcing Policies for the IT Value Chain 34

Theme 5:Applications Development Process 36

Design 38

Construction 38

Implementation 39

Operation 40

Maintenance 40

Theme 6:Partnership of Three Constituencies 42

IT Management 42

User Management 42

General Management 43

Summary 43

3．Effects of IT on Competition 47

Analyzing Impact 48

Forces That Shape Strategy 49

Search for Opportunity 52

Analyzing the Value Chain for IT Opportunities 57

Inbound Logistics 57

Operations and Product Definition 59

Outbound Logistics 59

Marketing and Sales 60

After-Sales Service 61

Corporate Infrastmcture 61

Human Resources 62

Technology Development 62

Procurement 63

The Risks of Information Systems Success 63

Problems and Evaluations 63

Assessing Competitor Risk 67

The Challenge 69

A New Point of View Is Required 69

Planning Issues 70

Confidentiality and Competition 71

Evaluating Expenditures 71

The IT-Management Partnership 72

Opening Questions 72

A Final Thought 73

4．Electronic Commerce:From Interorganizational Systems to the Internet 74

The Evolution of Interorganizational Systems 76

IOS Evolution at American Hospital Supply(AHSC) 76

IOS Evolution at American Airlines 79

Patterns of Interaction among IOS Participants 82

Levels of IOS Control 83

From Proprietary IOS to Ubiquitous Platforms for Electronic Commerce 85

Making Sense of Market Relationships 90

IOS and Producer Relationships 92

IOS and the Changing Buyer-Seller Relationship 96

Managing the Evolution of Technology 100

Maintaining a Secure Environment for Doing Business 101

Developing and Maintaining Information Partnerships 104

The Allegis Example 104

Benefits of Information Partnering 105

Types of Information Partnership 106

Summary 109

5．Information,Organization,and Control 112

The Organization Design Challenge of the 1990s 112

From Control to Learning 116

From Autonomy to Collaboration 120

Information,Organization,and Control in a Retail Bank 125

Information,Organization,and Control in the Supermarket 126

Targeted Opportunities 127

Communicating Organizational Priorities 127

Meaningful Budgets 128

Effective Incentive Systems 129

Solutions for Production 130

Facts to Make the Sale 131

Adaptation to Change 131

Summary 132

6．IT Architecture:Evolution and Alternatives 134

The Evolution of IT Architecture 137

Era 1—The Mainframe(1950s to 1970s) 139

Era 2—The Microcomputer(Late 1970s and 1980s) 143

Era 3—Distributed Information Systems(Late 1980s to Present) 144

Era 4—Ubiquitous 147

Value Creation in a Distributed IT Environment 148

IT Architecture Implementation Issues in the 1990s 155

Merging the Islands of Automation 155

Managing Global Telecommunications 158

Managing the IT Legacy 159

Assimilating Emerging Information Technologies 160

Summary 164

7．Organizing and Leading the Information Technology Function 165

Organization Issues in IT Development 165

Some Examples 167

Implications 169

Pressures toward User Dominance 169

Pent-Up User Demand 169

Competitive and Service Growth in the IT Market 170

User Control 171

Fit with the Organization 171

User Learning 172

Summary 172

Pressures Toward IT Control 172

Staff Professionalism 172

Feasibility Study Concerns 174

Corporate Database System 175

Fit with the Corporate Structure and Strategy 176

Cost Analysis 176

Summary 177

Coordination and Location of IT Policy 177

IT Responsibilities 178

User Responsibilities 179

General Management Support and Policy Overview 180

Summary 181

8．Information Technology Operations 183

Changing Operations Environment 184

A Focused Service Organization Alternative-—An Example 185

Alternative Organizations 186

Developing an Operations Strategy 187

Technology Planning 188

Measuring and Managing Capacity 194

Managing the IT Operations Workforce 196

Selection Factors for Operations Manager and Staff 198

Human Issues in Managing the Workforce 199

Production Planning and Control 200

Setting Goals 200

Establishing Priorities 200

Strategic Impact of IT Operations 201

Implementing Production Control and Measurement 202

Security 203

Privacy 204

The Roots of the Privacy Issue 205

The Implications 206

Summary 209

9．Information Technology Management Processes 211

Management Control 211

IT Evolution and Management Control 213

Software Issues 213

Operations Issues 213

Corporate Control Process 215

Strategic Impact of IT on the Corporation 216

Looking Ahead:Other Aspects of Control 217

Results Control Architecture 218

Unallocated Cost Center 218

Allocated Cost Center and Charge-Out 219

Profit Center 224

Financial Reporting Process 225

Nonfinancial Reporting Process 227

IT Audit Function 228

Summary 229

Planning—A Contingent Focus 229

Pressures toward IT Planning 230

External(Corporate)Pressures 230

Internal(IT Process)Pressures 232

Limitations on IT Planning Results 234

Planning as a Resource Drain 234

Fit to Corporate Culture 235

Strategic Impact of IT Activities 235

Mismatches:Using the Strategic Grid 235

Corporate Environmental Factors That Influence Planning 239

Summary 241

10．Managing the Information Technology Resource through Strategic Partnerships 243

Why Outsourcing Alliances Are So Difficult 244

Outsourcing in Retrospect 245

Outsourcing in the 1990s 246

What Driyes Outsourcing? 247

When to Outsource IT 252

Position on the Strategic Grid 252

Development Portfolio 253

Organizational Learning 255

A Firm's Position in the Market 256

Current IT Organization 256

Structuring the Alliance 256

Contract Flexibility 257

Standards and Control 257

Areas to Outsource 258

Cost Savings 259

Supplier Stability and Quality 259

Management Fit 260

Conversion Problems 260

Managing the Alliance 261

The CIO Function 261

Performance Measurements 262

Mix and Coordination of Tasks 262

Customer-Outsourcer Interface 263

11．A Portfolio Approach to Information Technology Development 264

Project Risk 265

Elements of Project Implementation Risk 265

Project Categories and Degree of Risk 267

Assessing Risk of Individual Projects 268

Portfolio Risk 271

Summary 271

Project Management:A Contingency Approach 272

Management Tools 272

Influences on Tool Selection 273

Relative Contribution of Management Tools 278

Summary 278

12．Transnational IT Issues 280

Information Technology Impact on Transnational Firms 282

Geographic Transfer of Work 282

Global Networking and Expertise Sharing 283

Global Service Levels 283

Time-Based Competition 284

Cost Reduction 284

Country Diversity 285

Sociopolitical 285

Language 285

Local Constraints 285

Economics 286

Currency Issues 286

Autonomy 286

National Infrastructure 287

Summary 287

National IT Environment Issues 287

Availability of IT Professional Staff 287

Central Telecommunications 288

National IT Strategy 288

General Level of IT Sophistication 289

Size of Local Market 289

Data Export Control 289

Technological Awareness 290

Summary 290

Corporate Factors Affecting IT Requirements 290

Nature of the Firm's Business 291

Strategic Impact of IT 292

Corporate Organization 292

Company Technical and Control Characteristics 293

Other Considerations 294

Transnational IT Policy Issues 294

Guidance on Architecture 294

Central Hardware/Software Concurrence or Approval 295

Central Approval of Software Standards and Feasibility Studies 295

Central Software Development 296

IT Communications 297

Staff Rotation 298

Consulting Services 299

Central IT Processing Support 299

Technology Appraisal Program—An Example 300

Summary 301

13．The IT Business 302

"The IT Business"Analogy 302

The IT Marketing Mix 304

The Products 304

The IT Consumer 306

Costs 308

Channels of Distribution 310

Competition 312

Promotion 312

Price 313

The Role of the Board of Directors 315

The Role of the IT Chief Executive Officer 316

Summary 317

Annotated Bibliography 320

Index 325