如何写作科研论文PDF电子书下载

1 Basic rules of writing 写作基础 1

Brevity 2

Logic and clarity 2

Clean typing 3

2 Comments on scientific language 科技语言的使用 4

English as a foreign language 5

Follow the “ leitmotif” 7

Verbosity 8

He/she 9

Active or passive voice 10

Tense 12

Noun clusters and modifiers 13

Prevalence and incidence 14

Avoid the use of “ respectively” 15

The “and/or” construction 15

Unnecessary hedging 16

How old is young？ 16

Avoid synonyms to achieve elegant variation 18

The remote verb 18

3 Drafting the manuscript 草稿 20

Write down your thoughts as they arise 21

Where and when to write？ 21

The other way around 23

Handwriting or word processing？ 24

4 Choosing a journal 选择发表的杂志 25

Instructions to authors 27

5 Preparing a graph 准备图表 28

The line graph 28

The chart 32

Before submission 49

6 Drawings 绘图 50

7 Figure legends 图例 53

8 How to design tables 设计表格 55

The descriptive title 55

The declarative title 56

Rounding off 57

Table or graph？ 58

9 Title 标题 62

Whenever possible， use a declarative rather than a neutral title 62

Titles ending with a question mark 64

Begin with the keywords 64

Use verbs instead of abstract nouns 65

Avoid abbreviations in the title 65

A title for your thesis 66

Running title 67

10 Authors 作者 69

Guidelines on authorship 69

The contributors list 71

A question of coauthorship 73

11 Abstract 摘要 75

The conventional abstract 76

The structured abstract 76

12 Introduction 前言 79

13 Methods 方 法 82

The subjects 83

Informed consent 84

Omissions in reporting of randomized controlled trials 85

14 Results 结果 89

Participant flow and follow-up 89

Study outcome 94

15 Discussion 讨论 96

Evaluate the results -not the authors 100

Avoid claiming priority 100

The reference-13 trick 101

16 Acknowledgments 致谢 103

Always give credit for financial support 104

17 References 参考文献 106

Vancouver versus Harvard style？ 107

Accuracy of references and quotations 112

Your own author name 114

Chinese names 114

Anonymous 115

Record titles in the language of publication 117

Names of journals 118

How to refer to World Wide Web 118

18 Ph.D.and other doctoral theses 博士学位论文 120

Compilations： the theses of the future 121

Contributors 122

Thesis at a glance 124

General introduction 124

Aims 125

Methods and results 126

General discussion 127

Acknowledgments 128

Cover illustration 129

A fresh look 130

The structure of the thesis overview 131

19 Letters and case reports 快报及事例报告 134

The thalidomide letter 134

Transforming a paper into a letter 136

Case reports 136

20 Numbers 数字 140

Two numbers side by side 141

Decimal point 142

Thousands 142

Numbers with several zeros 142

Quotients of units 143

Percentages 144

Rounding to two significant digits 145

Enumeration 146

What do we mean by“ often”？ 146

21 Abbreviations 缩写词 147

Units of measure 148

General principles 149

22 How to present statistical results 呈现统计结果 151

Using mean when median is meant 152

Using standard error instead of standard deviation 153

Failure to distinguish between statistical significance and biological importance 153

Selected presentation of multiple statistical testing 154

Overinterpretation of subgroup effects 155

Using relative instead of absolute figures 156

Some further comments 157

23 Typing 打印 159

Do not mimic the journal’s style 169

The length of the manuscript 169

The importance of punctuation 170

24 Dealing with editors and referees 编辑与审稿人 172

Do referees delay？ 173

Unpublished work 174

Shortening the manuscript 175

Accepted or rejected 176

25 Correcting proofs 校对 178

How to read proof 178

What to correct 179

Correction marks 180

Electronic proof 181

26 Authors’ responsibilities 作者的职责 184

Subjects’ right to privacy 184

Duplicate submission 185

Borrowing published material 186

Saving your original data 190

Literature needed on your desk 193

On phraseology 193

On synonyms 193

On manuscript preparation 193

On how to abbreviate a journal’ s title 193

Further reading 进一步阅读 194

Guides to writing 194

Punctuation 195

The English language 195

Style manuals 195

Illustrations 195

Statistics 195

Literature cited 引用文献 196

Index 索引 203