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Ⅰ．LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 1

1．What Is Language?&by Archibald A.Hill 1

2．Language:An Introduction&by W.F.Bolton 13

3．Language Universals&by Julia S.Falk Victoria Fromkin 27

4．Language,Thought,and Culture&by Peter Woolfson 35

5．What Is Linguistics?&by Winfred P.Lehmann 44

Ⅱ．ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE 52

6．Phonology&by Robert E.Callary 52

7．Morphology&by Ronald Wardhaugh 81

8．Morphology and Some Morphological Processes Ohio State University Language Files 94

9．Word-Making:Some Sources of New Words&by W.Nelson Francis 102

10．The Surface of Syntax&by Julia S.Falk 114

11．The Grammars of English&by Medelon E.Heatherington 129

12．A Primerof Transformational Grammar&by Suzette Haden Elgin 142

13．Semantics:The Meanings of Language&by Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman 166

14．Pragmatics&by Madelon E.Heatherington 206

15．Pragmatics and Communication&by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson 213

16．Languages and Writing&by John P.Hughes 228

Ⅲ．LANGUAGE VARIATION:REGIONAL AND SOCIAL 247

17．Language Variation&by Ronald Wardhaugh 247

18．Speech Communities&by Paul Roberts 263

19．Regional Variations&by Albert H.Marckwardt 273

20．Social Dialects&by Julia S.Falk 284

Ⅳ．LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND THE BRAIN 294

21．The Acquisition of Language&by Breyne A.Moskowitz 294

22．The Linguistic Development of Children&by M.M.Lewis 324

23．Developmental Milestones in Motor and Language Development&by Eric H.Lenneberg 334

24．Language and the Brain&by Kathryn Bayles 339

Ⅴ．ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE 355

25．The Origin of Language&by Charles L.Barber 355

26．In the Beginning:Language Origin&by Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman 367

27．The Origin and Evolution of Language&by Dwight Bolinger and Donald A.Sears 379

28．Language Change&by Ronald Wardhaugh 390

29．Why Do Languages Change?&by Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman 411

Ⅵ．COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS 415

30．Historical-Comparative Linguistics&by Ronald Wardhaugh 415

31．Language Families&by Dieter Wunderlich 431

32．The Indo-European Language Family&by James D.Gordon 434

33．Sino-Tibetan Languages from Encyclopaedia Britannica 441

34．A Brief History of English&by Paul Roberts 455

Ⅶ．NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 466

35．A Structure for the Analysis of Nonverbal Communication&by Mark L.Knapp 466

36．Kinesics and Cross-Cultural Understanding&by Genelle Morain 479

37．Barrier Signals:Body-Defense Actions in Social Situations&by Desmond Morris 494

38．Learning to Read Gestures&by Gerard I.Nierenberg and Henry H.Calero 498

39．Winking,Blinking and Nods&by Julius Fast 508

40．Space Speaks&by Edward T.Hall 518

Ⅷ．ANIMAL COMMUNICATION 533

41．Animal"Languages"&by Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman 533

42．The Nim Chimpsky Experiment&by Herbert S.Terrace 544

43．Performing Animals:Secrets of the Trade&by Thomas A.Sebeok and Jean Umiker-Sebeok 570

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 578