英语学术论文写作PDF电子书下载

第一章 论文与科研论文 Chapter one The Thesis Paper vs. The Research Paper 1

1.1 为什么写科研论文 Why research papers 1

1.2 科研论文写作的理由 Reasons for the research paper 2

1.3 研究的类型 Types of research 3

1.3.1 图书馆研究 Library research 3

1.3.2 实验研究 Experimental research 4

1.4 寻找合适的主题 Finding the right topic 4

1.5 如何限定主题 How to limit your topic 5

1.6 主题的学术性 How knowledgeable are they about the topic 5

第二章 图书馆研究 Chapter Two The Library Search 8

2.1 数据目录 Data catalog 9

2.2 通用期刊 General indexes 12

2.3 利用计算机终端进行研究 Using computer terminals for research 14

2.3.1 MELVYL系统 MELVYL System 14

2.3.2 信息库 Info Trac 14

2.3.2.1 参考书 Reference books 15

2.3.2.2 藏书 Reserve books 16

2.4 评价资料来源 Evaluating sources 16

2.5 互联网 The Internet 18

2.5.1 检索与指南 Searching via a directory 19

2.5.2 研究与关键词检索 Searching via a word search 20

第三章 确定参考文献 Chapter Three The Working Bibliography 24

3.1 确定参考文献的原因 Reasons for a working bibliography 24

3.2 程序 Procedure 24

3.3 参考文献卡片样板 Sample bibliography cards 26

第四章 做读书笔记 Chapter Four Note Taking 29

4.1 资料来源的评价 Evaluation of sources 30

4.2 论点 Thesis statement 31

4.3 初始提纲 Preliminary outline 32

4.4 笔记卡片格式 Note card format 34

4.5 笔记内容 Contents of notes 35

4.6 笔记类型 Types of notes 36

4.6.1 直接引用 Direct quotation 36

4.6.2 转译 Paraphrase 37

4.6.3 论文摘要与概括 Precis and summary 38

4.6.4 提纲 Outline 38

4.6.5 个人观点与评论 Personal reactions and comments 38

4.7 对笔记的提示 Tips on notes 39

第五章 选择研究主题 Chapter Five Selecting a Research Topic 40

5.1 关注指导教师的信息输入 Focusing on your instructor's input 40

5.2 遵循个人兴趣 Following personal interests 41

5.3 与他人交谈 Talking with other people 41

5.4 头脑风波法 Brainstorming 42

5.5 阅读文献材料 Reading source materials 42

5.5.1 百科全书 Encyclopedias 42

5.5.2 教科书 Books 43

5.5.3 期刊索引 Periodical indexes 43

5.5.4 互联网资源 Internet resources 43

5.6 如何选择论文主题 How to select a topic 44

5.7 应回避的论文主题 Topics to avoid 45

5.7.1 选题过大 Topics that are too big 45

5.7.2 有争议的选题 Topics that are too controversial 45

5.7.3 单一检索来源的选题 Topics that can be traced in a single source 46

5.7.4 技术性过强的选题 Topics that are too technical 46

5.7.5 过于琐碎的选题 Topics that are too trivial 46

5.7.6 选题过窄 Avoiding too-narrow topics 47

第六章 限定研究选题 Chapter 6 Narrow down the Research Topic 48

6.1 如何限定选题 How to narrow down the topic 48

6.2 为读者着想 Considering the audience 49

6.3 制定初始论点 Working out a preliminary thesis 50

6.4 考虑资料来源的可行性 Considering the available source materials 51

第七章 撰写论文 Chapter Seven Writing the Paper 53

7.1 整理笔记卡片 Working from note cards 53

7.2 形成论点 Developing a thesis statement 53

7.3 制定写作提纲 Working out an outline 55

7.3.1 提纲编号类型 Types of outline symbols 55

7.3.2 提纲类型 Types of outlines 57

7.4 第一稿 The first draft 58

7.4.1 撰写引言 Writing the introduction 60

7.4.1.1 始于轶事 Starting with an anecdote 61

7.4.1.2 提供背景信息 Providing background information 62

7.4.1.3 定义关键术语 Defining a key term 63

7.4.1.4 挑战假设或权威 Challenging an assumption or an authority 63

7.4.2 撰写论文主体 Writing the body 66

7.4.2.1 通过比较和对比撰写 Developing by comparison and contrast 66

7.4.2.2 通过插图撰写 Developing by illustration 67

7.4.2.3 通过分类撰写 Developing by classification 68

7.4.2.4 通过因果关系撰写 Developing by cause and effect 68

7.4.2.5 通过定义撰写 Developing by definition 69

7.4.3 撰写结论 Writing the conclusion 70

7.4.3.1 重新阐述论点 Restating the thesis statement 70

7.4.3.2 提供解决问题方案 Offering a solution 71

7.4.3.3 给予评价 Providing evaluations 72

7.4.3.4 展望未来 Looking to the future 72

7.5 考虑连贯性和一致性 Consideration of coherence and unity 74

7.6 注意观点 Attention to point of view 75

7.7 有关文体方面 Some aspects of style 75

7.7.1 句子结构 Sentence structure 75

7.7.2 缩略 Abbreviations 76

7.7.3 数字 Numbers 77

7.7.4 斜写 Italics 77

7.7.5 省略 Contractions 77

7.7.6 标点符号 Punctuation 78

7.7.7 时态 Tense 78

7.7.8 人称代词 Reference of pronouns 79

7.7.9 分段 Paragraphing 79

7.7.10 词汇 Vocabulary 79

7.7.11 拼写 Spelling 79

7.7.12 用词 Wordiness 80

7.7.13 校对和修改 Proofreading and revision 80

第八章 论文格式 Chapter Eight The Format of Thesis Paper 81

8.1 序 Materials preceding the text 82

8.1.1 标题页面 Title page 82

8.1.2 前言 Preface 82

8.1.3 目录 Table of contents 83

8.1.4 表格一览表 List of tables 83

8.1.5 插图一览表 List of illustrations 83

8.2 正文 The text 84

8.2.1 引言 Introduction 84

8.2.2 主体 Body of the paper 84

8.2.3 结论 Conclusion 85

8.3 参考文献和附录 References and appendices 85

8.3.1 参阅文献 References consulted 85

8.3.2 其他来源 Other sources 85

8.3.3 附录 Appendices 85

8.4 标注页码 Pagination 86

8.5 标题和次标题 Titles and subtitles 86

第九章 引用 Chapter Nine Quotation 88

9.1 引用时机 When to quote 88

9.2 直接引用散文 Direct prose quotations 89

9.3 诗歌引用 Poetry quotations 91

9.4 省略 Ellipses 91

9.5 插入文字 Interpolation 92

9.6 将引语融入自己语言 Incorporating quotation into your words 92

9.7 引用语标点符号 Punctuating quotations 93

9.8 引用语脚注 Footnoting quotations 93

9.9 间接资料引用 Secondary source quotations 94

9.10 引用伦理规范 Ethics of quoting 94

第十章 文献资源：文本内引用和内容笔记 Chapter Ten Documenting Sources:In-text Citation and Content Notes 95

10.1 一般指南 General guidelines 95

10.2 编辑资料来源的目的 Purpose of documenting sources 97

10.3 参考笔记 Reference notes 97

10.4 内容笔记 Content notes 98

10.5 MLA风格 MLA style 99

10.6 参考文献而非文中作者姓名 Author's name in bibliography but not in passage 99

10.7 文中作者姓名 Author's name in passage 100

10.8 编辑引用文 Documenting quotations 100

10.9 第二性资料引用 Secondary source citations 100

10.10 芝加哥大学格式 University of Chicago style 100

10.11 标注脚注的地点和编号 Placing and numbering footnotes 101

10.12 附录的首次提及 First mention of appendices 101

10.13 脚注标点符号 Punctuating footnotes 102

10.14 发表事宜 Publication facts 102

10.14.1 首次参考文献的脚注条目 Footnote entries for first reference to a source 103

10.14.2 参考文献的再次提及 Second or later mention of a reference 104

11.15 记忆提示 Tips to remember 106

第十一章 编辑资料来源引用著作 Chapter Eleven Works Cited in Documenting Sources 108

11.1 一般指南 General guidelines 108

11.1.1 作者 Author 108

11.1.2 标题 Title 110

11.1.3 出版地点 Place of publication 110

11.1.4 出版商名称 Publisher's name 111

11.1.5 页码 Page numbers 113

11.2 引用著作格式 Works cited format 114

11.2.1 书籍 Books 114

11.2.1.1 单一作者书籍 A book by one author 115

11.2.1.2 化名作者 Anonymous author 115

11.2.1.3 笔名作者 Pseudonymous author 116

11.2.1.4 经典作者书籍 A book by a classical author 116

11.2.1.5 两个或三个作者书籍 A book by two or three authots 116

11.2.1.6 三个作者以上书籍 A book by more than three authors 117

11.2.1.7 单一编者书籍 A book with an editor 117

11.2.1.8 两个或三个编者书籍 A book with two or three editors 117

11.2.1.9 三个以上编者书籍 A book with more than three editors 118

11.2.1.10 公司、委员会、研究机构或其他团体书籍 A book by corporation,committee,institution,or other group 118

11.3 会议前述材料 The precedings of a conference 119

11.4 多卷著作 A multivolume work 119

11.5 包含在另一本书籍中的书籍 A book included in another book 120

11.6 系列书籍 A book in a series 120

11.7 诗文选集或收藏品 An anthology or a collection 121

11.8 包含在诗文选集或收藏品里的书籍 A work in an anthology or a collection 121

11.9 前后对照著作 Cross-referenced works 122

11.10 书籍的二版、再版或修改版 Second,subsequent or revised edition of a book 123

11.11 重印书籍 Reprinting of a book 124

11.12 非英语语言书籍 A book in a language other than English 124

11.13 中文书籍 A book in Chinese 125

11.14 译本 A translated book 125

11.15 导言、前言、序或后记 An introduction,a preface,a foreword,or an afterward 126

11.16 圣经 The Bible 126

11.17 已发表学位论文 A published dissertation 129

11.18 未发表学位论文 An unpublished dissertation 130

11.19 学位论文摘要 A dissertation abstract 130

11.20 期刊 Periodicals 131

11.20.1 期刊文章 An article in a journal 132

11.20.2 杂志文章 An article in a magazine 132

11.21 报纸 Newspapers 133

11.21.1 已署名文章 A signed article 133

11.21.2 未署名文章 An unsigned article 133

11.21.3 致编辑信件 A letter to the editor 133

11.21.4 社论 An editorial 134

11.22 其他资料来源 Miscellaneous sources 134

11.22.1 访谈 An interview 134

11.22.2 公共演讲 A public address,speech,or lecture 135

11.22.3 信件 A letter 135

11.22.4 手稿或打印稿 A manuscript or typescript 136

11.22.5 电视或无线电节目 A television or radio program 136

11.22.6 广告 An advertisement 137

11.22.7 电影或录像 A film or video recording 137

11.23 电子出版物 Electronic publications 138

11.23.1 学术项目或信息数据库 A scholar proiect or information database 138

11.23.2 专业或个人网站 A professional or personal site 139

11.23.3 网络书籍 An online book 139

11.23.4 网络期刊文章 An article in an online periodical 140

11.23.5 光盘、软盘或磁盘出版物 A publication on CD-ROM,diskette,or magnetic tape 140

11.23.6 电子邮件通信 An e-mail correspondence 141

11.23.7 计算机软件 A computer software 141

11.24 引用著作范本 Sample works cited 142

第十二章 参考文献 Chapter Twelve The Bibliography 144

12.1 参考文献顺序 Bibliographical order 144

12.2 空格 Spacing 145

12.3 参考文献目录或条目 Contents of bibliographical entries 145

12.4 注释 Annotation 148

12.5 参考文献示范 Sample bibliography 148

第十三章 表格、图表、插图 Chapter Thirteen Tables,Graphs,Illustrations 150

13.1 配置 Placement 150

13.2 图表 Tables 150

13.2.1 图表编号 Numbering tables 150

13.2.2 标题 Captions 151

13.2.3 图表设计 Table layout 151

13.2.4 脚注 Footnotes 151

13.2.5 长表 Long tables 152

13.3 图表 Graphs 154

13.4 插图 Illustrations 155

第十四章 撰写初稿 Chapter Fourteen Writing the Rough Draft 156

14.1 自由更改 Enjoying your freedom to make changes 156

14.2 一气呵成 Writing from beginning to end 157

14.3 形成论文 Developing your paper 157

14.4 组装 Putting it all together 158

14.5 建立自信 Building confidence 158

14.6 培养写作技能 Developing your writing skills 159

14.6.1 保持客观 Remaining objective 159

14.6.2 遵循现有规则 Following established rules 159

14.6.3 保持动词时态一致 Being consistent with verb tense 160

14.6.4 使用主动语态 Using the active voice 160

14.7 以第一人称写作 Writing in the first person 160

14.8 避免姓别歧视语言和陈腔滥调 Avoiding sexist language and stereotypes 161

14.9 仅引用有引用价值的 Quoting only the quotable 162

14.9.1 将引用语融合至正文 Integrating quotations into the text 163

14.9.2 使用自己的语言 Using your own words 163

14.10 写逻辑与语法正确的句子 Creating logical and grammatically correct sentences 164

14.10.1 句子长度 Sentence length 164

14.10.2 连接词 Conjunctions 164

14.10.3 平行结构 Parallel construction 165

14.10.4 多样性 Variety 165

14.11 建立内在连贯段落 Creating cohesive paragraphs 165

14.11.1 组织 Organization 166

14.11.2 主题句 Topic sentences 166

14.11.3 平稳转折 Smooth transitions 166

14.12 将论文分为不同部分 Dividing the paper into sections 166

14.12.1 撰写导言 Writing the introduction 167

14.12.2 选择正确途径 Choosing the right approach 167

14.12.3 避免单调开端 Avoiding poor beginning 168

14.12.4 避免包罗万象 Avoiding what to include 168

14.12.5 与读者建立关系 Establishing a relationship with your audience 169

14.12.6 告诉读者为什么和如何做 Telling the reader why and how you plan to do it 169

14.12.7 提供路线图 Providing road map 170

14.12.8 最终导言撰写 Writing the introduction last 170

14.12.9 使导言简洁 Keeping the introduction brief 171

14.13 撰写正文 Writing the body 171

14.13.1 定义关键术语 Defining key terms 171

14.13.2 按时间顺序的排列方法 Listing a chronological approach 171

14.13.3 提出问题和给出答案 Asking questions and providing answers 172

14.13.4 发掘原因与结果 Exploring cause and effect 172

14.13.5 展示问题提供相应解决方案 Presenting a problem and offering a solution 172

14.13.6 比较与对比 Comparing and contrasting 172

14.13.7 推进有逻辑性 Proceeding logically 173

14.13.8 获取平衡 Achieving a sense of balance 173

14.14 撰写结论 Writing the conclusion 173

14.15 选择标题 Choosing a title 174

14.16 对资料来源致谢 Acknowledging your sources 175

第十五章 终稿 Chapter Fifteen The Final Manuscript 176

15.1 计算机 Computer 176

15.2 打字机 Typewriter 176

15.3 空白 Margins 177

15.4 排列 Alignment 177

15.5 空格 Spacing 177

15.6 脚注 Footnotes 178

15.7 简各页 Half-title page 178

15.8 校对 Proofreading 178

15.9 汇编 Collecting 178

第十六章 评价研究结果 Chapter Sixteen Evaluating Research Results 180

16.1 前言 Introduction 180

16.2 关于研究结果解读要点 General points about the interpretation of research results 181

16.3 定性数据分析 Qualitative data analysis 182

16.4 计算机与数量分析 Computers and qualitative data 185

16.5 定量数据分析 Quantitative data analysis 186

16.5.1 准备定量数据分析 Preparing quantitative data for analysis 186

16.5.2 定量分析与计算机 Quantitative analysis and computers 188

16.5.3 描述性统计 Descriptive statistics 188

16.5.4 表格 Tables 189

16.5.5 数字 Figures 191

16.5.6 图形 Graphs 191

16.5.7 图表 Charts 192

16.5.8 推理统计 Inferential statistics 192

16.5.9 群体与可能性 Population and probability 192

16.5.10 可能性 Probability 193

16.5.11 进行显著性统计测定程序 Procedure for carrying out statistical tests of significance 193

16.5.12 统计测定示范 Examples of statistical tests 194

16.6 结束语 Concluding remarks 196

第十七章 关于剽窃的说明 Chapter Seventeen A Statement of Plagiarism 197

17.1 剽窃的定义 Definition of Plagiarism 197

17.2 构成剽窃的要素 What to constitute plagiarism 198

17.3 最常见的剽窃形式 The most common form of plagiarism 199

17.4 得体致谢的表达术语 The term of proper acknowledgement 200

17.5 剽窃与改写的区别 Difference between plagiarism and paraphrase 202

17.6 如何确定剽窃 How to assess plagiarism 204

17.7 如果脚注都是抄袭将会怎么样 What if the footnote is also copied 204

17.8 复制真实信息的建议 Idea for copying factual information 205

17.9 避免剽窃的途径 The way for avoiding plagiarism 207

17.10 为什么教师关注剽窃 Why are instructors concerned about plagiarism 211

17.11 理解常识 Understanding common knowledge 212

17.12 检测剽窃 Detection of plagiarism 212

17.13 对剽窃的惩罚 Sanction to plagiarism 213

参考文献 Bibliography 215

附录一 专业选题建议 Appendix One Specialist Subject Advice 217

附录二 芝加哥大学格式论文示范 Appendix Two Sample Research Paper University of Chicago Style 222

附录三 目录示范 Appendix Three Sample Table of Contents 242

附录四 脚注和参考文献中使用的缩写和符号 Appendix Four Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Footnotes and Bibliography 244