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Section A - Introduction to ecology 1

A1 What is ecology? 1

A2 Ten rules in ecology 3

Abbreviations 9

Preface 10

Section B - Adaptation to the environment 11

B1 Adaptation 11

B2 Coping with environmental vartaion 14

B3 The niche 18

C1 Solar radiationa dn climate 21

Section C - Climate 21

C2 Microclimate 27

Section D - Water 31

D1 The properties of water 31

D2 Plants and water 34

D3 Animals and water 39

Section E - Temperature 43

E1 Temperature and metabolism 43

E2 Responses to temperature 47

E3 Temperature and species sistribution 50

F1 Solar radiation and plants 53

Section F - Radiation 53

Section G - Nutrients 59

G1 Sources and cycles 59

G2 Plants and consumers 65

G3 Soil formation,properties and classification 68

Section H - Population ecology 73

H1 Populations and population structure 73

H2 Natality,mortality and population growth 77

H3 Density and density dependence 86

H4 Population dynamics - fluctuations, cycles and chaos 91

I1 The nature of competition 97

Section I - Competiton 97

I2 Intraspecific competition 105

I3 Resource patitioning 108

Section J - Predation 113

J1 The nature of predation 113

J2 Predator behavior and prey response 117

Section K - Parasitosm 123

K1 The mature of parasitism 123

K2 The dynamica of parasitism 128

Section L - Mutualism 135

L1 Mutualism 135

M1 Life history 141

Section M - Life history patterns 141

Section N - Behavioral ecology 151

N1 Social groups,cooperation and altruism 151

N2 Sex in ecology 155

Section O - Population genetics 163

O1 Genetic variation 163

O2 Speciation 169

Section P - Ecosystem processes 175

P1 Components and processes 175

P2 Primary and secondary production 180

P3 Food chains 185

Section Q - Communities 189

Q1 The community,structure and stability 189

Q2 Island comunities and colonization 195

Q3 Community patterns, competition and predation 200

Section R - Community dynamics 207

R1 Succession 207

R2 Community responses to disturbance 214

Section S - Biomes 219

S1 Ecosystem patterns 219

S2 Grasslands 224

S3 Tundra 229

S4 Forests 233

S5 Deserts,semi-deserts and shrubland 240

S6 Saltwater biornes 245

S7 Freshwater biornes 251

Section T - Harvesting 257

T1 Havrestin theory 257

T2 Fishing and whaling 262

Section U - Pset control 267

U1 The pest problem and control strategies 267

U2 Pesticides and problems 271

U3 Biological contrlo and integrated pest management 277

V1 Rare species, habitat loss and extinction 281

Section V - Conaervation 281

V2 Conservation stratgeise 287

V3 Biological resources and gene banks 293

Section W - Pollution and global warming 299

W1 Air, water and soil pollutants 299

W2 Greenhouse gases and global warming 304

W3 Ozone 308

Section X - The ecology of agriculture 312

X1 Soil erosion and agriculture 312

X2 Nutrient, water and energy use 317

Further reading 323

Index 333