下一代光网络 IP智能与光子技术的融合 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction to Carrier Network Architectures 1

IP as Unifying Protocol Infrastructure 1

The Traditional Carrier Network Architecture 2

Achieving Long-Haul Connectivity with Optical Transmission 4

Delivering Multiplexed Services 4

Synchronous Transmission Standards 5

Building a Complex SONET/SDH Carrier Network 7

Multiplexing and Framing Standards 9

Providing Carrier Class Network Availability 13

Adding Versatility with Asynchronous Transfer Mode 14

ATM Reference Model 15

Introducing Statistical Multiplexing 16

Transport Multiple Services across a Single Network 17

AAL1 18

AAL2 19

AAL3/4 20

AAL5 20

ATM Services 22

ATM Virtual Connections 23

Permanent Virtual Connection 23

Switched Virtual Connection 23

ATM Switching Operation 24

ATM Addressing 24

Subnetwork Model of Addressing 25

NSAP-Format ATM Addresses 25

ATM Address Common Components 25

ATM Quality of Service 26

ATM Signaling and Connection Establishment Overview 27

ATM Connection Establishment Procedure 28

Signaling Standards 28

Connection Request Routing and Negotiation 29

Providing Internet Services at the IP Layer 29

Introducing the IP Layer on Top of the ATM Layer 29

Using Multiprotocol Label Switching for Delivering IP Services 31

Scalability Issues of Standard IP Routing Protocols 31

The Concept of Using Labels as Forwarding Information 32

MPLS-Based Applications 36

Next-Generation Carrier Networks 38

Eliminating Intermediate Layers in the Backbone 39

IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM(1) 40

IP over ATM over WDM(2) 41

IP over SONET/SDH over WDM(3) 41

IP over WDM(4) 41

Handling Fiber Capacity Exhaust 41

Adding Intelligence to the Optical Layer 42

Summary 44

Recommended Reading 44

Standardiation Activities and Targets 47

Chapter 2 Optical Networking Standardization 47

Activities of the T1 Committee and Its T1×1 Subcommittee 48

Optical Networking Standardization Framework(G.871) 48

OTN Architecture(G.872) 50

Layered Structure 50

OCH Layer Network 51

Optical Multiplex Section(OMS)Layer Network 52

Optical Transmission Section(OTS)Layer Network 52

OMS/OTS Adaptation 53

OCH/OMS Adaptation 53

Client Signal/OCH Adaptation 53

Interlayer Adaptation 53

Activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IEEE) 54

10-Gbps Ethernet 54

Resilient Packet Rings 55

Activities of the Optical Internetworking Forum(OIF) 57

OIF Mission 57

Standard Physical Layer Interface 59

Optical User-to-Network Interface(O-UNI) 60

IP-Centric Control and Signaling for Optical Paths 60

Activities of the IETF 64

Summary 64

Recommended Reading 65

Chapter 3 Optical Networking Technology Fundamentals 67

Optical Transmission Technologies 67

Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM) 68

Attenuation 70

Dispersion 71

Nonlinear Effects 73

Optical Amplifiers 74

Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio(OSNR) 74

Optical Transmission Systems 74

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(EDFAs) 75

Praseodynamium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(PDFAs) 77

Amplifier Control 78

DWDM Systems 79

Wavelength Routers 83

Electrical Wavelength Routers 85

Hybrid Wavelength Routers 86

Optical Wavelength Routers 87

Data Transmission Technologies 90

Packet over SONET/SDH(POS) 91

PPP Encapsulation 92

Framing 94

Interface Format 95

Transmission Rate 96

Payload Scrambling 97

Parallel Implementation 98

Word-Oriented POS Framing 98

PPP over SONET/SDH at OC-192c/STM-64c 98

Automatic Protection Switching(APS) 101

APS Channel Protocol 101

Cisco s APS Implementation 103

APS Switchover Process 105

APS Network Layer Interaction 105

Dynamic Packet Transport(DPT) 105

Encapsulation 107

IP Data Packets 109

Control Packets 110

ATM Data Packets 110

Usage Packets 112

SRP Phylical Layer Implementation 112

Framing 112

Interface Format 113

Transmission Rate 113

Packet Handling Procedures 113

Topology Discovery 113

Packet Processing 115

Multicasting 116

Packet Priority 117

SRP Fairness Algorithm 118

Intelligent Protection Switching 120

IPS Messages 121

IPS Message Handling State Machine 124

Node Pass-Through Mode 126

Network Management 126

Clocking and Synchronization 126

Encapsulation Overhead 127

Data Transmission Technology Comparison 127

Framing Overhead 128

MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) 133

MPLS-TE Architecture 133

Why MPLS-TE 133

MPLS-TE Components 135

Defining the Term Traffic Trunk 137

Path Selection Policy 138

Resource Class Affinity 138

Bandwidth 138

MPLS-TE Attributes 138

Trunk Attributes 138

Priority/Preemption 139

Adaptability 139

Resilience 139

Resource Class 140

Administrative Weight 140

Information Distribution 140

Available Bandwidth 140

Resource Attributes 140

Bandwidth Accounting 141

OSPF Extensions 142

Router Address TLV 145

Link TLV 145

IS-IS Extensions 146

Router ID TLV 147

Extended IP Reachability TLV 147

Extended IS Reachability TLV 147

Path Computation and Selection 148

LSP Setup Procedure 149

LSP Tunnel Setup 149

LSP Setup Request 150

Admission Control 151

Explicit Routing 151

Label Allocation and LSP Establishment 151

RSVP Extensions 152

IP Routing using MPLS-TE 153

MPLS-TE Protection 157

Path Protection 157

Optimizing Path Protection 159

Restoration Time 159

Link/Node Protection 160

Network Survivability Principles 161

Defining Survivability 162

Survivability Concepts 163

Protection 164

Restoration 164

1:N Protection 165

1:1 Protection 165

Protection Types 165

Protection Techniques 165

1+1 Protection 165

Protection Switching Characteristics 166

Protection in Ring Networks 167

Two-Fiber UPSR 167

Two-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(2-Fiber BLSRs) 169

Four-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(4-Fiber BLSR) 171

Protection Ring Comparison 172

Prenegotiated versus Dynamic Protection 173

MPLS Restoration 173

End-to-End versus Local Restoration 174

Protection Switching Options 174

1+1 Protection 174

1:N and N:M Protection 174

Network Survivability Design 175

Survivability Mechanism Categories 175

Dedicated Protection 175

Restoration Time 176

Restoration 176

Shared Protection 176

Survivability Mechanism Comparison 178

Multilayer Survivability 180

Survivability Design Trends for Optical Networks 180

Eliminating SONET/SDH and ATM 180

Putting Intelligence into the Optical Core 181

Summary 182

Optical Transmission Technologies 183

Optical Transmission Systems 183

Recommended Reading 183

Data Transmission Technologies 184

Packet over SONET/SDH 184

Dynamic Packet Transport(DPT) 184

MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) 184

Network Survivability Principles 185

Chapter 4 Existing and Future Optical Control Planes 187

Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 189

Static IP Optical Overlay Model 189

IP Service Infrastructure 189

IP/Optical Adaptation 191

Two-Layer Architecture Implementation 192

Multiwavelength Transmission 194

Bandwidth Management 197

Static Optical Control Plane 198

IP Service Infrastructure Implementation 198

Small Point-to-Point Backbones or Backbone Interconnections 199

Large-Scale Hierarchical Backbones 200

POP Aggregation 204

Switched POP Aggregation 204

Point-to-Point POP Aggregation 206

DPT Fiber Ring POP Aggregation 207

Optical Transport Infrastructure Implementation 208

DWDM System Building Blocks 208

Transponders 210

WDM Network Design 211

Topology 211

Channel Spacing 212

Maximum Line Rate 213

Optical Power Budget 213

Restoration 215

Optical Protection 216

Optical Line Protection 216

Optical Channel Protection 218

Optical Multiplex Section Protection 219

Service Layer Restoration 221

Automatic Protection Switching 221

Intelligent Protection Switching 222

Application-Based Restoration 223

IP Restoration 223

Layer 3 Route Convergence 224

Load balancing 224

MPLS-TE Fast Reroute 225

Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 226

Wavelength Routing Overlay Model 227

Architecture and Elements 228

Wavelength Routing Control Plane 231

Lightpath Provisioning 234

Centralized Lightpath Routing 236

Lightpath Attributes 236

Distributed Lightpath Routing 237

Optical UNI Signaling 239

Wavelength Conversion 240

Restoration 240

Protection Strategy 241

Prenegotiated Protection 241

Hierarchical Protection 243

Local Protection 243

Advanced Protection Concepts 243

QoS Levels 243

On-Demand Protection 243

Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane 244

Applicability Considerations 245

Advantages 245

Comparing WRs and LSRs 245

Comparing LSPs and Lightpaths 246

MPLmS Model 247

Architecture and Elements 248

MPLmS Control Plane 249

Optical Routing 252

Lightpath Provisioning 252

Topology Discovery 253

Optical Link State Advertisement 254

Optical LSA Objects 254

Constrained-Based Routing 256

Lightpath (Optical LSP) Signaling 257

Concept of Nested LSPs 257

RSVP Setup Procedure 258

Optical LSP Setup 258

Optical LSP Setup in an OTN without Wavelength Conversion 260

LSP Aggregation 261

Using MPLmSin the Overlay Model 262

Restoration 263

Summary 263

Recommended Reading 264

Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 264

Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 265

Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane 265

Optical End-to-End Networking Design Trends 267

Chapter 5 Optical Networking Applications and Case Examples 267

Service POP 268

Metro Solutions 272

IP and Optical Metro Evolution 273

Core Solutions 276

IP and Optical Core Evolution 277

Conclusions 278

Case Example A:Next-Generation Storage Networks 279

Application Requirements 283

Common Solutions 283

Application Requirements 285

Case Example B:Next-Generation Internet Service Provider 285

Common Solutions 286

Case Example C:Next-Generation Carrier 293

Application Requirements 294

Common Solutions 294

Summary 300

Recommended Reading 301

Glossary 303

Notes 311

Index 317