英语科研论文写作概要PDF电子书下载

Preface:Rationale for the Book;Its Layout 1

PartⅠ Review of Some Basic Usage Concepts 1

Chapter 1 Choosing the Right Word 5

1.1 General Remarks 5

1.2 Short Words or Long Words 5

1.3 Common Words,Learned Words or Specialized Words 7

1.4 General Words or Specific Words 8

1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words 10

1.6 Referential or Emotive Words 12

1.7 Choice Between(Among)Synonymous Words 13

1.8 Keeping Up with the Changing English Vocabulary 15

Questions and Exercises 16

Chapter 2 Choosing from Sentence Types 19

2.1 General Remarks 19

2.2 Long and Short Sentences 19

2.3 Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences 22

2.4 Types of Balanced Sentences 26

2.4.1 Parallelism 26

2.4.2 Antithesis 28

2.4.3 Chiasmus and Antimetabole 28

2.5 Omission or Addition in Sentences 29

2.5.1 Ellipsis 29

2.5.3 Asyndeton(Omission of Conjunctions) 30

2.5.2 Fragmentary Elliptical Sentences 30

2.5.4 Aposiopesis(Breaking off in Mid-sentence) 31

2.5.5 Polysyndeton(Use of Many Conjunctions) 32

2.5.6 Addition to Clarity by Making More Explicit 34

2.5.7 Addition by Amplification 34

2.5.8 Parenthesis 34

2.6 Types of Repetition in Sentences,in Whole or in Part 35

2.6.1 Repetition of Whole Sentences 35

2.6.2 Syntactic Anaphora:Repetition of Beginning Words 36

2.6.3 Syntactic Epiphora:Repetition of Ending Words 36

2.6.4 Syntactic Framing:Repetition of Beginning and Ending Words 36

2.7.2 Anti-climax 37

2.7 Climax and Anti-climax 37

2.7.1 Climax 37

Questions and Exercises 38

Chapter 3 The Rhetorical Use of Punctuation 39

3.1 General Remarks 39

3.2 Stops or Pause Marks 40

3.2.1 The Period and the Semi-colon 40

3.2.2 The Colon 42

3.2.3 The Comma 42

3.3 Parenthetical Marks 44

3.4 Specific Marks for Expression in Writing 46

Questions and Exercises 48

4.1 General Remarks 50

Chapter 4 Writing About Image and Imagery 50

4.2 Personification 52

4.3 Simile 56

4.4 Metaphor 60

4.5 Metonymy and Synecdoche 63

Questions and Exercises 68

Chapter 5 Quotations and Allusions 70

5.1 General Remarks on Quotations 70

5.2 Examples of Quoting,and of Crediting of Sources 71

5.2.1 Quoting from a Book 71

5.2.2 Quoting from a Play 73

5.2.3 Quoting from a Poem 75

5.3 Allusions and How to Explain Them 76

Questions and Exercises 78

Part Ⅱ Major Strategies in Academic Writing 84

Chapter 6 Defining 85

6.1 General Remarks 85

6.2 Techniques of Definition 86

6.3 Types of Extended Definitions 87

6.3.1 Giving More Explanatory/Descriptive Details 87

6.3.2 Exemplification 88

6.3.3 Comparison and Contrast 91

6.3.4 Supplying Sub-topics 92

6.3.5 Honing or Refining a Definition 95

6.4 Summary 97

Questions and Exercises 98

Chaper 7 Serializing 100

7.1 General Remarks 100

7.2 Techniques of Serializing 102

7.2.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance 102

7.2.2 In Order of Physical Location 103

7.3 Examples of Serializing 104

7.3.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance 104

7.3.1.1 Directive Process Analysis 104

7.3.1.2 Informative Process Analysis 107

7.3.2.1 Physical Features of a Person 112

7.3.2 In Order of Physical Location 112

7.3.2.2 Physical Location of a Place 113

7.4 Summary 114

Questions and Exercises 114

Chapter 8 Comparison 117

8.1 General Remarks 117

8.2 Techniques of Comparison 119

8.2.1 Pattern 1 120

8.2.2 Pattern 2 120

8.2.3 Pattern 3 121

8.2.4 Pattern 4-Analogy and Metaphor 122

8.3 Examples of Comparison 123

Questions and Exercises 130

8.4 Summary 130

Chapter 9 Classification 134

9.1 General Remarks 134

9.2 Techniques of Classification 135

9.2.1 Determining the Principal Basis of Classification 135

9.2.2 Types of Classification 136

9.2.2.1 Classification by Time Order 136

9.2.2.2 Simple or Complex Classification 136

9.2.2.3 Absolute or Approximate Classification 137

9.3 Examples of Classification 137

9.4 Summary 144

Questions and Exercises 145

Chapter 10 Analyzing and Critical Analyses 149

10.1 General Remarks 149

10.2 Techniques of Analyzing 150

10.2.1 Drawing Inferences Through Analytical Reading 150

10.2.2 Establishing One s Own Perspective 153

10.2.3 Collecting Supporting Evidence for Perspective 153

10.2.4 Literary Analysis and Literary Criticism 156

10.3 Examples of Analytical Writing 158

10.4 Examples of Literary Analysis 162

10.5 Summary 166

Questions and Exercises 166

11.1 General Remarks on Summary 168

Chapter 11 Summary and Précis Writing 168

11.2 Techniques and Examples of Summarizing 169

11.2.1 Summary of a Short Story 171

11.2.2 Summary of an Article 174

11.3 General Remarks on Précis Writing 176

11.4 Summary of Chapter 11 178

Questions and Exercises 179

Chapter 12 Paraphrasing 190

12.1 General Remarks 190

12.2 Properties of a Paraphrase 191

12.3 Guidelines to Paraphrasing 192

12.3.1 Paraphrasing of Prose 193

12.3.2 Paraphrasing of Poetry 194

12.4 Summary 196

Questions and Exercises 197

PartⅢ Readings for Academic Writing 199

Chapter 13 The Informative Essay 203

13.1 General Remarks 203

13.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 203

13.2.1 Descriptive Grammars by Victoria Fromkin Robert Rodman 203

13.2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies in China by Ping Chen 205

13.3 Models for Literature 208

13.3.1 What is Literature? by Edgar V.Roberts Henry E.Jacobs 208

13.3.2 What is Poetry? by Laurence Perrine 210

13.4.1 What Parties Are For by David J.Olson and Philip Meyer 213

13.4 Models for American Studies,etc. 213

13.4.2 Presidential Leadership:The Power to Persuade by Richard Pious 217

Chapter 14 The Comparative Essay 224

14.1 General Remarks 224

14.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 224

14.2.1 The Map and the Territory by S.I.Hayakawa 224

14.2.2 Semantic Derogation of Women by Nora Wolfson 227

14.3 Models for Literature 231

14.3.1 Escape and Interpretation by Laurence Perrine 231

14.3.2 A Comparison of Two Poems by Laurence Perrine 237

14.4.1 Comparison of Cultures by Robert Lado 241

14.4 Models for American Studies,etc 241

14.4.2 The Black and White Truth about Baskeball by Jeff Greenfield 248

Chapter 15 The Analytical/Critical Essay 254

15.1 General Remarks 254

15.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 254

15.2.1 Sounder Thinking through Clearer Writing by F.Peter Woodford 254

15.2.2 The Presence of the Word in TV Advertising by Jay Rosen 259

15.3 Models for Literature 263

15.3.1 The Setting of Joseph Conrad s The Secret Sharer by Edgar V.Roberts 263

15.3.2 Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights by V.Woolf 266

15.3.3 A Study of Shakespeare s Imagery in Sonnet XXX by Edgar V.Roberts 272

15.4.1 Family Codes by Margaret Mead 274

15.4 Models for American Studies,etc 274

15.4.2 The Terrible Twenties by Daniel Smith-Rowsey 278

Chapter 16 Argument 282

16.1 General Remarks 282

16.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 283

16.2.1 Who is Responsible? by Charles A.O Neill 283

16.2.2 What s Wrong with Black English by R.L.Jones 286

16.3 Models for Literature 289

16.3.1 Preface to Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad 289

16.3.2 The Element of Suspense in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor 292

16.4.1 The Cult of Ethnicity,Good and Bad by Arthur Schlesinger Jr 296

16.4 Models for American Studies,etc 296

16.4.2 Women in Combat by Sara Sabraw 299

16.4.3 Eco-defense by Edward Abby 302

Appendix A Full Text of Two Short Stories 307

1.The Secret Sharer by Joseph Conrad 307

2.A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor 346

Appendix B Gu:?elines on Revision and Editing 362

Appendix C Documentation Guidelines 366

Appendix D How to Render Thanks in Acknowledgements 369

Bibliography 373

List of Authors and Titles of Stories,Major Articles and Excerpts 377

List of Poems Dicussed 381

Subject Index 382