化学原理 了解原子和分子的世界 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 Chemistry is a Science looking at the World of Atoms and molecules 1

1.1 Chemistry Is a Central Science Useful to Our Lives 2

1.2 Science Is a Way of Understanding the Universe A Study of Sea Butterflies ?ustrates the Process of Science 5

Reproducibility and an Attitude of Inquiry Are Essential Components of Science 7

A Theory Is a Single Idea That Has Great Explanatory Power 9

Science Has Limitations 9

Science Helps Us Learn the Rules of Nature 10

1.3 Scientists Measure Physical Quantities 10

Calculation Corner: Unit Conversion 12

1.4 Mass Is How Much and Volume Is How Spacious 13

Hands-On Chemistry: Penny Fingers 14

Hands-On Chemistry: Decisive Dimensions 17

1.5 Energy Is the Mover of Matter 17

1.6 Temperature Is a Measure of How Hot—Heat It Is Not 19

1.7 The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles 22

Familiar Terms Are Used to Describe Changing Phases 24

Hands-On Chemistry: Hot-Water Balloon 25

1.8 Density Is the Ratio of Mass to Volume 26

Calculation Corner: Manipulating an Algebraic Equation 27

End of Chapter Review and Exercises 29

2 Elements of Chemistry Understanding Chemistry Through Its Language 36

2.1 Matter Has Physical and Chemical Properties 37

Hands-On Chemistry: Fire Water 41

Determining Whether a Change Is Physical or Chemical Can Be Difflcult 42

2.2 Atoms Are the Fundamental Components of Elements 45

2.3 Elements Can Combine to Form Compounds 46

Hands-On Chemistry: Oxygen Bubble Bursts 48

Compounds Are Named According to the Elements They Contain 48

2.4 Most Materials Are Mixtures 49

Mixtures Can Be Separated by Physical Means 52

Hands-On Chemistry: Bottoms Up and Bubbles Out 53

2.5 Chemists Classify Matter as Pure or Impure 53

2.6 Elements Are Organized in the Periodic Table by Their Properties 56

3 Discovering the Atom and Subatomic Particles Where We ve Been and What We Know Now 67

3.1 Chemistry Developed Out of Our Interest in Materials 68

3.2 Lavoisier Laid the Foundation of Modern Chemistry 69

Mass Is Conserved in a Chemical Reaction 70

Hands-On Chemistry: Air Out 72

Hands-On Chemistry: Collecting Bubbles 73

Proust Proposed the Law of Definite Proportions 74

Calculation Corner: Finding Out How Much of a ChemicaI Reacts 75

3.3 Dalton Deduced That Matter Is Made of Atoms 75

Dalton Defended His Atomic Hypothesis Against Experimental Evidence 76

Mendeleev Used Known Relative Atomic Masses to Create the Periodic Table 79

3.4 The Electron Was the First Subatomic Particle Discovered 81

Hands-On Chemistry: Bending Electrons 84

3.5 The Mass of an Atom Is Concentrated in Its Nucleus 85

3.6 The Atomic Nucleus Is Made of Protons and Neutrons 87

Calculation Corner: Calculating Atomic Mass 91

4 The Atomic Nucleus Know Nukes 97

4.1 The Cathode Ray Led to the Discovery of Radioactivity 98

The Three Major Products of Radioactivity Are Alpha Beta and Gamma Rays 100

4.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon 102

Rads and Rems Are Units of Radiation 102

Hands-On Chemistry: Personal Radiation 105

4.3 Radioactive Isotopes Are Useful as Tracers and for Medical Imaging 106

4.4 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces in the Nucleus 107

4.5 A Radioactive Element Can Transmute to a Different Element 110

4.6 The Shorter the Half-Life the Greater the Radioactivity 112

Hands-On Chemistry: Radioactive Paper Clips 113

4.7 Isotopic Dating Measures the Age of a Material 114

4.8 Nuclear Fission Is the Splitting of the Atomic Nucleus 117

Nuclear Fission Reactors Convert Nuclear Energy to Electrical Energy 119

4.9 Nuclear Energy Comes from Nuclear Mass and Vice Versa 121

4.10 Nuclear Fusion Is the Combining of Atomic Nuclei 123

The Holy Grail of Nuclear Research Today Is Controlled Fusion 124

5 Atomic Models Virtual Handles on the Very Real 132

5.1 Models Help Us Visualize the Invisible World of Atoms 133

5.2 Light Is a Form of Energy 136

5.3 Atoms Can Be Identified by the Light They Emit 139

Hands-On Chemistry: Spectral Patterns 139

5.4 Niels Bohr Used the Quantum Hypothesis to Explain Atomic Spectra 141

5.5 Electrons Exhibit Wave Properties 145

Hands-On Chemistry: Rubber Waves 147

Probability Clouds and Atomic Orbitals Help Us Visualize Electron Waves 147

Hands-On Chemistry: Ouantized Whistle 151

5.6 Energy-Level Diagrams Describe How Orbitals Are Occupied 151

5.7 Orbitals of Similar Energies Can Be Grouped into Shells 155

5.8 The Periodic Table Helps Us Predict Properties of Elements 158

The Smallest Atoms Are at the Upper Right of the Periodic Table 160

The Smallest Atoms Have the Most Strongly Held Electrons 162

6 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shapes How Atoms Connect to One Another 171

6.1 An Atomic Model Is Needed to Understand How Atoms Bond 172

6.2 Atoms Can Lose or Gain Electrons to Become Ions 174

6.3 Ionic Bonds Result from a Transfer of Electrons 176

Hands-On Chemistry: Up Close with Crystals 179

6.4 Covalent Bonds Result from a Sharing of Electrons 180

6.5 Valence Electrons Determine Molecular Shape 183

Molecular Shape Is Defined by Where the Substituent Atoms Are 186

Hands-On Chemistry: Gumdrop Molecules 188

6.6 Polar Covalent Bonds Result from an Uneven Sharing of Electrons 189

6.7 Molecular Polarity Results from an Uneven Distribution of Electrons 191

7 Molecular Mixing How Molecules Attract One Another 201

7.1 Submicroscopic Particles Electrically Attract One Another 202

Ions and Polar Molecules Attract One Another 202

Polar Molecules Attract Other Polar Molecules 203

Polar Molecules Can Induce Dipoles in Nonpolar Molecules 204

Atoms and Nonpolar Molecules Can Form Temporary Dipoles on Their Own 205

Hands-On Chemistry: Circular Rainbows 208

7.2 A Solution Is a Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixture 208

Calculation Corner: Calculating for Solutions 212

Hands-On Chemistry: Overflowing Sweetness 214

7.3 Solubility Is a Measure of How Well a Solute Dissolves 214

Solubility Changes with Temperature 216

Gases Are More Soluble at Low Temperatures and High Pressures 217

Hands-On Chemistry: Crystal Crazy 219

Nonpolar Gases Readily Dissolve in Perfluorocarbons 220

7.4 Soap Works by Being Both Polar and Nonpolar 221

Detergents Are Synthetic Soaps 223

Hard Water Makes Soap Less Effective 224

8 Those Incredible Water Molecules Macroscopic Consequences of Molecular Stickiness 231

8.1 Water Molecules Form an Open Crystalline Structure in Ice 232

Hands-On Chemistry: A Slice of Ice 234

8.2 Freezing and Melting Go On at the Same Time 235

Water Is Densest at 4℃ 237

8.3 The Behavior of Liquid Water Is the Result of the Stickiness of Water Molecules 240

The Surface of Liquid Water Behaves Like an Elastic Film 240

Capillary Action Results from the Interplay of Adhesive and Cohesive Forces 243

8.4 Water Molecules Move Freely Between the Liquid and Gaseous Phases 244

Boiling Is Evaporation Beneath a Liquid Surface 249

8.5 It Takes a Lot of Energy to Change the Temperature of Liquid Water 251

Global Climates Are Influenced by Water s High Specific Heat Capacity 253

Calculation Corner: How Heat Changes Temperature 254

Hands-On Chemistry: Racing Temperatures 255

8.6 A Phase Change Requires the Input or Output of Energy 256

9 An Overview of Chemical Reactions How Reactants React to Form Products 265

9.1 Chemical Reactions Are Represented by Chemical Equations 266

You Can Balance Unbalanced Equations 267

9.2 Chemists Use Relative Masses to Count Atoms and Molecules 270

The Periodic Table Helps Us Convert Between Grams and Moles 272

Calculation Corner: Figuring Masses of Reactants and Products 275

9.3 Reaction Rate Is Influenced by Concentration and Temperature 276

9.4 Catalysts Increase the Rate of Chemical Reactions 281

9.5 Chemical Reactions Can Be Either Exothermic or Endothermic 284

An Exothermic Reaction Involves a Net Release of Energy 286

Hands-On Chemistry: Warming and Cooling Water Mixtures 289

10 Acids and Bases Exchanging Protons 296

10.1 Acids Donate Protons*Bases Accept Them 279

A Salt Is the Ionic Product of an Acid-Base Reaction 301

10.2 Some Acids and Bases Are Stronger Than Others 303

10.3 Solutions Can Be Acidic Basic or Neutral 307

Calculation Corner: Logarithms and pH 310

The pH Scale Is Used To Describe Acidity 311

Hands-On Chemistry: Rainbow Cabbage 312

10.4 Rainwater Is Acidic and Ocean Water Is Basic 312

10.5 Buffer Solutions Resist Changes in pH 317

11 Oxidation and Reduction Transferring Electrons 324

11.1 Oxidation Is the Loss of Electrons and Reduction Is the Gain of Electrons 325

11.2 Photography Works by Selective Oxidation and Reduction 326

Hands-On Chemistry: Silver Lining 328

11.3 The Energy of Flowing Electrons Can Be Harnessed 329

The Electricity of a Battery Comes from Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 331

Fuel Cells Are Highly Efficient Sources of Electrical Energy 335

Electrical Energy Can Produce Chemical Change 338

Hands-On Chemistry: Splitting Water 339

11.4 Oxygen Is Responsible for Corrosion and Combustion 340

12 Organic Compounds A Survey of Carbon-Based Molecules 347

12.1 Hydrocarbons Contain Only Carbon and Hydrogen 348

12.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Contain Multiple Bonds 353

Hands-On Chemistry: Twisting Jellybeans 355

12.3 Organic Molecules Are Classified by Functional Group 356

Alcohols Contain the Hydroxyl Group 358

Phenols Contain an Acidic Hydroxyl Group 359

The Oxygen of an Ether Group Is Bonded to Two Carbon Atoms 361

Amines Form Alkaline Solutions 362

Ketones Aldehydes Amides Carboxylic Acids and Esters All Contain a Carbonyl Group 364

12.4 Organic Molecules Can LinkTo Form Polymers 368

Addition Polymers Result from the Joining Together of Monomers 369

Condensation Polymers Form with the Loss of Small Molecules 374

Hands-On Chemistry: Racing Water Drops 378

13 Chemicals of Life The Nutrients That Make Up Our Bodies 384

13.1 Biomolecules Are Produced and Utilized Within Cells 385

13.2 Carbohydrates Give Structure and Energy 386

Polysaccharides are the Complex Carbohydrates 388

Hands-On Chemistry: Spit in Blue 391

13.3 Lipids are Insoluble in Water 394

Fats Are Used for Energy and Insulation 394

Steroids Contain Four Carbon Rings 397

13.4 Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids 398

Protein Structure is Determined by the Attractions Between Neighboring Amino Acids 400

Enzymes are Biological Catalysts 405

13.5 Nucleic Acids Code for Proteins 406

DNA Is the Template of Life 408

One Gene Codes for One Polypeptide 410

RNA Is Largely Responsible for Protein Synthesis 411

Genetic Engineering 415

13.6 Vitamins Are Organic Minerals Are Inorganic 418

13.7 Metabolism Is the Cycling of Biomolecules Through the Body 421

13.8 The Food Pyramid Summarizes a Healthful Diet 423

carbohydrates Predominate in Most Foods 424

Unsaturated Fats are Generally More Healthful than Saturated Fats 426

Hands-On Chemistry: Sizzle Sources 428

Our Intake of Essential Amino Acids Should Be Carefully Monitored 429

14 Chemistry of Drugs Understanding Drug Action 436

14.1 Drugs are Classified by Safety Social Acceptibility Origin and Biological Activity 437

14.2 The Lock-and-Key Model Guides Chemists in Synthesizing New Drugs 439

14.3 Chemotherapy Cures the Host by Killing the Disease 443

Sulfa Drugs and Antibiotics Treat Bacterial Infections 443

Chemotherapy Can Inhibit the Ability of Viruses to Replicate 445

Cancer Chemotherapy Attacks Rapidly Growing Cells 448

14.4 Drugs for Birth Control Block or Mimic Sex Hormones 451

14.5 The Nervous System Is a Network of Neurons 452

Hands-On Chemistry: Diffusing Neurons 455

Neurotransmitters Include Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin and GABA 456

14.6 Psychoactive Drugs Alter the Mind or Behavior 458

Stimulants Activate the Stress Neurons 458

Hallucinogens and Cannabinoids Alter Perceptions 464

Depressants Inhibit the Ability of Neurons to Conduct Impulses 468

Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Boost Synaptic-Cleft Concentrations of Neurotransmitters 472

14.7 Pain Relievers Inhibit the Transmission or Perception of Pain 473

14.8 Drugs for the Heart Open Blood Vessels or Alter Heart Rate 478

15 Optimizing Food Production From the Good Earth 486

15.1 Humans Eat at AlITropic Levels 487

15.2 Plants Require Nutrients 489

Plants Utilize Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium 490

Plants Also Utilize Calcium Magnesium and Sulfur 492

15.3 Soil Fertility is Determined by Soil Structure and Nutrient Retention 493

Soil Readily Retains Positively Charged Ions 495

Hands-On Chemistry: Your Soil s pH—A Qualitative Measure 496

15.4 Natural and Synthetic Fertilizers Help Restore Soil Fertility 498

15.5 Pesticides Kill Insects Weeds and Fungi 500

Insecticides Kill Insects 500

Herbicides Kill Weeds 503

Hands-On Chemistry: Cleaning Your Insects 504

Fungicides Kill Fungi 506

15.6 There Is Much to Learn from Past Agricultural Practices 507

15.7 High Agricultural Yields Can Be Sustained with Proper Practices 510

Organic Farming Is Environmentally Friendly 510

Integrated Crop Management Is a Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture 512

15.8 A Crop Can Be Improved by Inserting a Gene from Another Species 514

15.9 World Hunger Is Not Inevitable 515

16 Fresh Water Resources Our Roles and Responsibilities 521

16.1 Water Circulates Through the Hydrologic Cycle 522

16.2 Collectively We Consume Huge Amounts of Water 524

Hands-On Chemistry: Water Wiser 526

16.3 Water Treatment Facilities Make Water Safe for Drinking 526

16.4 Fresh Water Can Be Made from Salt Water 530

Hands-On Chemistry: Micro Water Purifier 534

16.5 Human Activities Can Pollute Water 534

16.6 Microorganisms in Water Alter Levels of Dissolved Oxygen 537

16.7 Wastewater Is Processed by Treatment Facilities 539

Advanced Integrated Pond Systems Treat Wastewater 542

16.8 There Are Many Ways to Conserve Water 543

Twenty Ways to Save Water 544

17 Air Resources One Plant One Atmosphere 549

17.1 The Earth s Atmosphere Is a Mixture of Gases 550

Calculation Corner: Dense as Air 552

Hands-On Chemistry:Atmospheric Can Crusher 553

17.2 Human Activities Have Increased Air Pollution 554

Aerosols and Particulates Facilitate Chemical Reactions Involving Pollutants 555

There Are Two Kinds of Smog 556

Catalytic Converters Reduce Automobile Emissions 559

17.3 Stratospheric Ozone Protects the Earth from Ultraviolet Radiation 560

17.4 Air Pollution May Result in Global Warming 565

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Is a Greenhouse Gas 566

The Potential Effects of Global Warming Are Uncertain 569

The Threat of Global Warming Requires Adaptive and Preventative Measures 571

18 Material Resources A Look at the Materials of Our Society 576

18.1 Paper Is Made of Cellulose Fibers 577

Hands-On Chemistry: Papermaking 579

18.2 The Development of Plastics Involved Experimentation and Discovery 580

Collodion and Celluloid Begin with Nitrocellulose 582

Bakelite Was the First Widely Used Plastic 582

The First Plastic Wrap Was Cellophane 583

Polymers Win in World WarⅡ 584

Attitudes About Plastics Have Changed 587

18.3 Metals Come from the Earth s Limited Supply of Ores 588

Metal-Containing Compounds Can Be Converted to Metals 590

Some Metals Are Commonly Obtained from Metal Oxides 592

Other Metals Are Most Commonly Obtained from Metal Sulfides 594

Metal Resources Are Not Unlimited 595

18.4 Glass Is Made Primarily of Silicates 597

18.5 Ceramics Are Hardened with Heat 598

Ceramic Superconductors Have No Electrical Resistance 600

18.6 Composites Combine Fibers and a Thermoset Medium 600

Hands-On Chemistry: A Composite of White Glue and Thread 602

19 Energy Resources Managing for the Present and future 606

19.1 Electricity Is a Convenient Form of Energy 607

What’s a Watt? 608

Calculation Corner: Kilowatt-Hours 609

19.2 Fossil Fuels Are a Widely-Used But Limited Energy Source 610

Coal Is the Filthiest Fossil Fuel 612

Petroleum Is the King of Fossil Fuels 614

Natural Gas Is the Purest Fossil Fuel 615

19.3 There Are Two Forms of Nuclear Energy 617

Nuclear Fission Generates Some of Our Electricity 617

Nuclear Fusion Is a Potential Source of Clean Energy 622

19.4 What Are Sustainable Energy Resources? 623

19.5 Water Can Be Used to Generate Electricity 624

Hydroelectric Power Comes from the Kinetic Energy of Flowing Water 624

Temperature Differences in the Ocean Can Generate Electricity 625

Geothermal Energy Comes from the Earth s Interior 626

The Energy of Ocean Tides Can Be Harnessed 628

19.6 Biomass Is Chemical Energy 628

Fuels Can Be Obtained from Biomass 629

Biomass Can Be Burned to Generate Electricity 630

Hands-On Chemistry:Solar Pool Cover 631

19.7 Energy Can Be Harnessed from Sunlight 632

Solar Heat Is Easily Collected 632

Solar Thermal Electric Generation Produces Electricity 633

Wind Power Is Cheap 634

Photovoltaics Convert Sunlight Directly to Electricity 636

19.8 Our Future Economy May Be Based on Hydrogen 639

Fuel Cells Produce Electricity from Fuel 640

Phorovoltaic Cells Can Be Used to Produce Hydrogen from Water 640

19.9 Changes Are Upon Us 641