句法：结构、意义与功能 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 The goals oflinguistic theory 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Goals of linguistic theory 2

1.2 Explanation in linguistics 4

1.3 Contrasting perspectives on the goals of linguistic theory 8

1.4 Concluding remarks 15

Further reading 16

2 Syntactic structure,Ⅰ:simple clauses and noun phrases 17

2.0 Introduction 17

2.1 General theoretical issues 17

2.2 The layered structure of the clause in simple sentences 25

2.3 The layered structure of adpositional and noun phrases 52

2.4 Heads and headedness 67

2.5 Conclusion:the nature of morphosyntactic structure 69

Further reading 75

Exercises 76

3 Semantic representation,Ⅰ:verbs and arguments 82

3.0 Introduction 82

3.1 A typology of states of affairs and their participants 82

3.2 The lexical representation of verbs and their arguments 90

3.3 Summary 128

Further reading 129

Exercises 130

4 Semantic representation,Ⅱ:macroroles,the lexicon and noun phrases 139

4.0 Introduction 139

4.1 Semantic macroroles 139

4.2 Valence,transitivity and macrorole assignment 147

4.3 Lexical entries for verbs 154

4.4 The representation of adjuncts and operators 159

4.5 Linking syntactic and semantic representations(a brief introduction) 172

4.6 Lexical rules 178

4.7 The semantic representation of nouns and noun phrases 184

4.8 Summary 195

Further reading 195

Exercises 196

5 Information structure 199

5.0 Introduction 199

5.1 Focus structure 201

5.2 Focus types 206

5.3 The morphosyntactic coding of focus structure 210

5.4 The formal representation of focus structure 214

5.5 Focus structure and the scope of negation and quantification 219

5.6 Intrasentential pronominalization 223

5.7 Intersentential pronominalization 231

5.8 Syntactic templates,linking and focus structure 235

Further reading 235

Exercises 236

6 Grammatical relations 242

6.0 Introduction 242

6.1 Conceptions of grammatical relations 242

6.2 The cross-linguistic diversity of grammatical relations 250

6.3 A theory of grammatical relations 274

6.4 Discourse reference-tracking mechanisms and voice 285

6.5 Some typological issues 303

Further reading 309

Exercises 309

7.0 Introduction 317

7 Linking syntax and semantics in simple sentences 317

7.1 Semantic and syntactic representations:a brief review 320

7.2 The linking algorithms 324

7.3 Case marking,agreement and adposition assignment 352

7.4 The two phases of linking 384

7.5 Reflexivization 392

7.6 Focus structure,linearization and linking 417

7.7 Templates,constructions and linking 430

Further reading 436

Exercises 437

8.0 Introduction 441

8.1 Theoretical issues 441

8 Syntactic structure,Ⅱ:complex sentences and noun phrases 441

8.2 Levels of juncture 442

8.3 Nexus relations 448

8.4 The interaction of nexus and juncture 454

8.5 Focus structure in complex sentences 484

8.6 The structure of complex noun phrases 492

8.7 Syntactic templates for complex sentences 505

Further reading 507

Exercises 508

9.0 Introduction 517

9.1 Linkingin clausal,core and nuclear junctures 517

9 Linking syntax and semantics in complex sentences 517

9.2 Case marking in complex sentences 575

9.3 Linking in complex noun phrases 590

9.4 Reflexivization in complex sentences 604

9.5 Constraints on linking in WH-questions and related 607

constructions 615

Further reading 634

Exercises 634

Epilog:the goals of linguistic theory revisited 640

Notes 650

References 676

Index of languages 703

Subjectindex 706