含稀土的铸铁 英文PDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 7

1 THE CHINESE RARE EARTHS INDUSTRY 7

1.1 Abundance Of Rare Earths Resources 7

1.2 Different Types Of Rare Earths Minerals 9

1.3 Different Producers and Range Of Rare Earths Products 12

1.4 Applications Of the Rare Earths 14

1.4.1 Applications in metallurgy 14

1.4.2 APPlications in non-ferrous metals 15

1.4.3 Applications in the petro-chemical industry 15

1.4.4 Applications in glass and ceramics 15

1.4.5 Applications in textiles,wool dyeing and leather tanning 15

1.4.6 APPlications in electronics and Hi-Tech areas 16

1.4.7 APPlications in medicine 16

1.4.8 Applications in agriculture 17

2 THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALSOF THE APPLICATIONS OF RARE EARTHS IN CAST IRONS 19

2.1 Basic Properties Of Rare Earths Metals 22

2.1.1 Electron configuration of rare earthel ements 22

2.1.2 Physical properties of rare earth elements 24

2.1.3 Thermodynamic properties of rare earth elements 29

2.1.4 Chemical properties of rare earth elements 32

2.1.5 Mechanical properties of rare earth metals 38

2.2 Reaction Thermodynamics of Rare Earths with O.S and Other Elements in Cast lrons and Alloy Phase Diagrams 42

2.2.1 Reaction thermodynamics of REs with O.S and other elements in cast iron 42

2.2.2 Phase diagrams of rare earths and elements 53

2.3 Solubility of Rare Earths in lrons 70

2.4 Reaction Dynamics of Rare Earth Elements with Other Elements in Cast lron MeltS 72

2.5 Effects of Rare Earths on Microstructures and Properties of Cast lrons 73

2.5.1 Improved mechanical properties of cast irons 73

2.5.2 Modification of graphite morphology in cast irons 74

2.5.3 Reduction of the eutectic cell size 82

2.5.4 Neutralisation of the deleterious effect of subversive elements on spheroidization 83

2.5.5 Duplex effects on the chilling tendency of cast iron 86

2.5.6 Morphology and composition of inclusions containing rare earth metals 87

2.5.7 Improvement on the properties of cast irons at elevated temperatures 87

2.6 Summary 100

Reference 101

3 SPHEROIDISERS,VERMICULARISERS AND INOCULANTS CONTAINING RARE EARTHS 103

3.1 Spheroidisers Containing Rare Earths 103

3.1.1 Discovery of spheroidal graphite cast irons 103

3.1.2 Spheroidising elements and spheroidisers containing rare earths 105

3.1.3 Subversive elements for spheroidisation 118

3.1.4 Composition design of spheroidisers 124

3.2 Vermiculariser Containing Rare Earths 141

3.2.1 Discovery and development of vermicular graphite cast iron 141

3.2.2 Vermicularising elements and vermiculariser 142

3.2.3 Ratio of RE/Mg in vermicularisers 148

3.2.4 Specifications of vermicularisers 152

3.3 Inoculants Containing Rare Earths 154

3.3.1 Development of inoculation techniology 154

3.3.2 Inoculation of grey cast irons and inoculants containing rare earths 156

3.3.3 Specifications of inoculants in different countries 160

3.3.4 Inoculants for spheroidal graphite cast iron 166

3.3.5 Inoculants for malleable cast iron 170

Reference 175

4 SPHEROIDISING,VERMICULARISING AND INOCULATING METHODS 178

4.1 Melting Technology of Cast lron 178

4.1.1 Technological and economical demand for cupola melting 181

4.1.2 Cupola melting technology 183

4.1.3 Induction furnace melting 187

4.2 Desulphurisation 189

4.2.1 Ladle desulphurization 190

4.2.2 Rotable container desulphurization 191

4.2.3 Porous plug desulphurization 191

4.2.4 Mechanical stirring method 192

4.2.5 Shaking ladle desulphurization 192

4.2.6 Continuous desulphurisation in cupola forehearth 194

4.3 Spheroidising,Vermicularising and lnoculating Methods 196

4.3.1 Spheroidising methods 197

4.3.2 Vermicularising methods 210

4.3.3 Inoculating methods for grey cast irons containing rare earth alloys 213

Reference 216

5 SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON CONTAINING RARE EARTHS 217

5.1 Production and Properties of Spheroidal Graphite Cast lron containing Rare Earths 217

5.1.1 Composition control of base iron 217

5.1.2 Casting properties 223

5.1.3 Heat treatment of spheroidal graphite cast iron 238

5.1.4 Mechanical properties of spheroidal graphite cast iron 252

5.1.5 Physical properties of SGCI 271

5.1.6 Industrial application performance 281

5.1.7 Defects of spheroidal graphite cast iron 288

5.2 Typical Applications of Spheroidal Graphite Cast lron 294

5.2.1 Spheroidal graphite cast iron pipes 294

5.2.2 Spheroidal graphite cast iron ingot molds 301

5.2.3 Spheroidal graphite cast iron rollers 305

5.2.4 SGCI castings in automobile and tractor 307

5.2.5 Application of SGCI in petroleum and chemical mechanical equipment 311

Reference 311

6 VERMICULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRON CONTAINING RARE EARTHS 314

6.1 Production and Properties of Vermicular Graphite Cast lron Containing Rare Earths 314

6.1.1 Production of vermicular graphite cast iron containing rare earths 314

6.1.2 Mechanical properties 316

6.1.3 Physical properties 322

6.1.4 Casting properties 327

6.1.5 Industrial applications and performance 330

6.2 Production and Properties of Austempered Vermicular Graphite Cast lron 332

6.2.1 Production of austempered vermicular graphite cast iron 332

6.2.2 Typical microstructure of the austempered vermicular graphite cast iron 332

6.2.3 Tensile properties 334

6.2.4 Impact toughness 335

6.2.5 Thermal fatigue 336

6.2.6 Increase of weight by oxidation 336

6.2.7 Tensile percentage 337

6.2.8 Thermal expansive coefficient 337

6.2.9 Wear resistance 337

6.3 Applications of Vermicular Graphite Cast lron 339

6.3.1 Applications of castings under thermo-cycle conditions 339

6.3.2 Applications in pump and valve castings for air and water pressure service 344

6.3.3 Applications in intricate,thin section shell-type castings 345

6.3.4 Applications in heavy machine tool castings 347

Reference 349

7 GREY CAST IRON AND OTHER CAST IRONS CONTAINING RARE EARTHS 351

7.1 Applications of Rare Earths in Grey Cast lron 351

7.1.1 Grey cast iron high pressure radiators containing rare earths 351

7.1.2 Grey cast iron pipes containing rare earths 354

7.1.3 Grey cast iron ingot moulds containing rare earths 356

7.1.4 Application of grey cast iron containing REs in pump castings 356

7.1.5 Application of grey cast iron containing rare earths in machine tool castings 357

7.2 APPlication of Rare Earths in White Cast lron 357

7.2.1 APPlication of rare earths in medium-Mn white cast iron 357

7.2.2 APPlication of rare earths in high-Cr white cast iron 358

7.3 APPlication of Rare Earths in Malleable Cast lron and Spheroidal Graphite Malleable Cast Iron 359

7.3.1 Application of rare earths in malleable cast iron 359

7.3.2 Application of rare earths in spheroidal graphite malleable cast iron 359

Reference 360

APPENDIX 361

1. Symbol of Chinese national and departmental standards 361

11. Standards for cast irons in different countries 362

11.1. International standards for cast irons 362

11.2. Chinese standards for cast irons 365

11.3. British standards for cast irons 370

11.4. American standards for cast irons 375

11.5. German standards for cast irons 377

11.6. French standards for cast irons 380

11.7. Japanese standards for cast irons 382

11.8. The former USSR standards for cast irons 383