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Introduction 1

1.Historical Overview 4

Early Views 4

Katharina Reiss and the Functional Category of Translation Criticism 9

Hans J. Vermeer: Skopostheorie and Beyond 10

Justa Holz-Manttari and the Theory of Translational Action 12

Functionalist Methodology in Translator Training 13

2.Translating and the Theory of Action 15

Translating as a Form of Translational Interaction 16

Translating as Interpersonal Interaction 19

Translating as Intentional Interaction 19

Translating as a Communicative Action 22

Translating as Intercultural Action 23

Translating as a Text-Processing Action 25

3.Basic Concepts of Skopostheorie 27

Skopos, Aim, Purpose, Intention, Function and Translation Brief 27

Intratextual and Intertextual Coherence 31

The Concept of Culture and Culture-Specificity 33

Adequacy and Equivalence 34

The Role of Text Classifications 37

4.Functionalism in Translator Training 39

A Translation-Oriented Model of Text Functions 40

A Functional Typology of Translations 45

Norms and Conventions in Functional Translation 53

Source-text Analysis, Translation Briefs and Identifying Translation Problems 59

A Functional Hierarchy of Translation Problems 67

Translation Units Revisited 68

Translation Errors and Translation Evaluation 73

5.Functionalism in Literary Translation 80

Actional Aspects of Literary Communication 80

Literary Communication across Culture Barriers 84

Skopos and Assignment in Literary Translation 88

Some examples 93

6.Functionalist Approaches to Interpreting 104

The Role of Interpreting in Skopostheorie 104

Translator Training: From Interpreting to Translation 105

A Functionalist Approach to Simultaneous Interpreting 106

7.Criticisms 109

8.Function plus Loyalty 123

9.Future Perspectives 129

Glossary 137

Bibliographical References 142