英语从句PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Part One:Kinds of Clauses 5

Chapter Ⅰ:The Coordinate Clause 5

(A)Coordinators 5

(B)Conjuncts 15

(C)Omission of coordinator in absence of conjunct 18

(D)Relative clause to serve as coordinate clause 20

(E)Ellipsis in coordinate clause 20

Chapter Ⅱ:The Relative Clause 25

i.The Relative Pronoun 25

(A)Attributives 28

ii.Attributives and the Defining Relative Clause 28

(B)Attributives replaceable by relative clauses 29

iii.Omission of Relative Pronoun 31

(A)Omission of relative pronoun as object 31

(B)Omission of relative pronoun as subject or predicative 33

iv.The Preferred Relative Pronoun in a Given Case 34

(A)When antecedent is personal and pronoun is subject 34

(B)When verb in relative clause is“be” 35

(C)If personal antecedent is not personally identifiable by name 36

(D)When phrases intervene between antecedent and relative pronoun 36

(E)When subject of relative clause is rather complex 36

(H)After an adjective in the superlative degree 37

(F)When personal pronoun is subject of relative clause 37

(G)After“those”,whether pronoun or adjective 37

(I)After most indefinite pronouns 38

(J)In the emphatic mechanism“It is…” 38

(K)When personal and impersonal antecedents share one relative 38

(L)Personal relative for pet animal 39

(M)Non-personal relative for human babies 39

(N)Relative pronoun for ship always nonpersonal 39

(O)When antecedent is a collective noun 39

v.Special Relative Pronouns 40

(A)“What”(also“whatever”) 40

(B)“Whoever”and“whichever” 41

(C)“As”following“such”or“as”or“the same” 42

(D)“Than”following“more”premodifying a noun 43

(E)“But”meaning“who not”or“which not” 46

vi.The Non-Defining Relative Clause 46

(A)Nature of non-defining relative clause 46

(B)Contrasts between non-defining and defining relative clauses 48

(C)Points to note about non-defining relative clauses 50

(D)Clause as antecedent to“which”or“as” 50

(E)“As”relative versus“as”conjunctive 54

(A)Correspondence between defining relative clause and nonfinite postmodifier 56

vii.The Relative Clause and the Non-Finite Postmodifier 56

(B)Correspondence between nondefining relative clause and nonfinite postmodifier 60

viii.The Relative Adjective 63

(A)What 63

(B)Which 64

ix.The Relative Phrase 67

(A)The infinitive phrase containing a relative pronoun as object 67

(B)The gerund having a relative pronoun as object 67

(C)The simple prepositional phrase containing a relative pronoun as object 68

(D)The complex prepositional phrase with a relative pronoun as object 70

(E)The non-personal possessive relative phrase 71

(A)Classes of relative adverbs 72

(F)The simple prepositional phrase containing a relative adjective and a noun 72

x.The Relative Adverb 72

(B)Defining and non-defining relative clauses 78

xi.The Compound Relative Adverb 78

xii.The Special Relative Adverb“The” 80

xiii.Relative or Interrogative? 83

xiv.The Rule of Proximity 86

(A)Priority of relative pronoun 86

(B)Repetition of antecedent 88

(A)Direct speech and indirect speech 90

i.Direct Narration and Indirect Narration 90

Chapter Ⅲ:The Object Clause 90

(B)Direct question and indirect question 101

ii.The Object Clause 108

(A)Objects to verbs 108

(B)Objects to prepositions 115

Chapter Ⅳ: Noun Clauses Other than the Object Clause 120

(A)The subject clause 120

(B)The predicative clause 122

(C)The appositive clause 124

(D)The noun clause as object complement 128

(A)Temporal subordinators 129

Chapter Ⅴ:The Temporal Clause 129

(B)Some general remarks about temporal clauses 138

Chapter Ⅵ:The Causal Clause 143

(A)“Because”:when and how used 143

(B)“As”:when and how used 144

(C)“Because”,“as”and“since”compared 144

(D)“For”and“because” 145

(E)Non-defining relative clause as causal clause 146

(F)Participial phrase replacing causal clause 146

(G)Predicative adjective or noun positioned at beginning of sentence 147

(H)Prepositional phrase replacing causal clause 148

(I)Negative before“because”clause 149

(J)Wrong use of“because”clause as noun clause 150

(K)Occasional ellipsis in causal clause 150

Chapter Ⅶ:The Manner Clause 152

(A)Manner subordinators 152

(B)“Like”as manner subordinator 154

(C)Special expressions 155

(D)Ellipsis after“as”or“as if” 156

Chapter Ⅷ:The Conditional Clause 157

(A)Conditional Clause introduced by“if”:indicative and subjunctive compared 157

(B)Conditional clauses introduced by“suppose”and“supposing” 161

(C)Condition introduced by“provided(that)”and negative condition by“unless” 162

(D)Condition expressed by imperative mood followed by“and”clause 165

(E)Condition expressed by verbless clause followed by“and”clause 166

(F)Relative clause as conditional clause 166

(G)Participial phrase in lieu of conditional clause 167

(H)Condition expressed by“in case” 167

(I)Prepositional phrases in lieu of conditional clauses 168

Chapter Ⅸ:The Purpose Clause 170

Chapter Ⅹ:The Result Clause 174

Chapter Ⅺ:The Concessive Clause 187

(A)Concessive clause introduced by“though”or“although” 187

(B)Concessive clause introduced by“even if”,“even though”or“if” 188

(C)When predicative positioned initially,“though”replaceable by“as” 190

(D)Question words ending in-ever are also used to introduce concessive clauses 191

(E)“No matter”or“it doesn’t matter”+the question word itself to express concession 193

(F)Alternative concessive clause introduced by“whether” 194

(G)Concessive clause introduced by“while” 194

(H)Some fixed expressions 195

(I)Concession expressed by certain prepositions 195

Chapter Ⅻ:The Comparative Clause 197

(A)Ways of expressing comparison 197

(B)“Than”differently parsed 206

(C)Incomplete,inconsistent or illogical comparisons 207

(D)Comparative element and comparative clause 209

(E)Missing element in comparative clause 211

Chapter ⅩⅢ:The Proportional Clause 215

(A)Overt proportion 215

(B)Covert proportion 216

(C)Proportion expressed by correlative items“the…the” 216

Chapter ⅩⅣ:The Comment Clause 218

(A)Definition and nature of comment clause 218

(B)Comment clause versus main clause 219

(C)Comment clause in interrogative sentence 220

(D)Relative clause as comment clause 222

(E)Elaborate comment clauses 223

Chapter ⅩⅤ:The Focal Clause 225

(A)Sentence:ordinary form versus emphatic form 225

(B)Applicability of adverbials as foci 226

(C)The connective used after focal clause 229

Closing Remarks on Part One 233

Part Two:Coordination and Subordination of Ideas 235

Preliminary Remarks 235

Chapter ⅩⅥ:Combination of Simple Sentences by Coordination 238

Exercise(18 sets of sentences) 240

Chapter ⅩⅦ:Combination of Simple Sentences by Relatives 244

Exercise(15 sets of sentences) 245

Chapter ⅩⅧ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into a Noun Clause 248

Exercise(23 sets of sentences) 249

Chapter ⅩⅨ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into an Adverbial Clause 252

Exercise(29 sets of sentences) 254

Chapter ⅩⅩ:Coordination and Subordination Occurring in the Same Sentence 257

Exercise(27 sets of sentences) 260

Chapter: ⅩⅪ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into a Phrase 265

Exercise(a)—by using participles(12 sets of sentences) 267

Exercise(b)—by using absolute phrases(12 sets of sentences) 269

Exercise(c)—by using prepositions with nouns or gerunds(19 sets of sentences) 270

Exercise(d)—by using infinitives(14 sets of sentences) 272

Exercise(e)—by using nouns or phrases in apposition(5 sets of sentences) 273

Exercise(f)—by using adverbs or adverbial phrases(18 sets of sentences) 274

Exercise(g)—by miscellaneous methods(43 sets of sentences) 276

Exercise(h)—by subordinating in as many ways as possible(9 sets of sentences) 280

Chapter ⅩⅫ:Coordination Versus Subordination 282

Exercise For(a)—10 sentences 283

Exercise For(b)—9 sentences 284

Exercise For(c)—10 sentences 285

Exercise For(d)—10 sentences 286

Chapter ⅩⅪⅡ:Complicated Subordination 288

Exercise(a)—Combine into one complex sentence(13 sets of sentences) 291

Exercise(b)—Rewrite to show proper subordination and coordination(8 sentences) 294

Exercise(c)—Rewrite by using subordination as far as possible(4 paragraphs or sentence groups) 295

Appendices 299

Appendix 299

1—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅥ 299

2—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅦ 302

3—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅤⅢ 303

4—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅨ 305

5—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅩ 308

6—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅪ(Exercises(a)to(h)) 311

7—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅫ(Exercises for(a)to(d)) 325

8—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ(Exercises(a)to(c)) 328