伦理学：原理及当代论争 英文版PDF电子书下载

PART ONE ETHICAL THEORY 1

1 Ethics and Ethical Reasoning 2

Why Study Ethics? 2

What Is Ethics? 3

Ethics and Religion 4

Ethical and Other Types of Evaluation 5

Ethics and Reasons 6

Ethical Reasoning and Arguments 7

Ethical Theory 9

Types of Ethical Theory 10

Can Ethics Be Taught? 11

READINGS 12

Plato Euthyphro 12

Plato Meno 16

Review Exercises 22

Selected Bibliography 23

What Is Ethical Relativism? 24

Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment 24

2 Ethical Relativism 24

Two Forms of Ethical Relativism 25

Reasons Supporting Ethical Relativism 25

Are These Reasons Convincing? 26

Further Considerations 28

Moral Realism 29

Moral Pluralism 29

READING 31

Mary Midgley Trying Out One s New Sword 31

Review Exercises 34

Selected Bibliography 35

3 Egoism 35

Psychological Egoism 36

Ethical Egoism 37

The Moral Point of View 39

Why Be Moral? 40

Thomas Hobbes Self Love 42

READING 42

Review Exercises 46

Selected Bibliography 47

4 Utilitarianism 48

Historical Background 48

The Principle of Utility 49

Quantity and Quality of Pleasure 52

Evaluating Utilitarianism 53

Act and Rule Utilitarianism 54

Proof of the Theory 55

Contemporary Versions 56

READING 59

John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism 59

Review Exercises 64

Selected Bibliography 65

5 Kant s Moral Theory 66

Historical Background: Immanuel Kant 66

What Gives an Act Moral Worth? 67

The Categorical Imperative 69

Evaluating Kant s Moral Theory 71

Perfect and Imperfect Duties 73

Variations on Kantian Moral Theory 74

READING 76

Immanuel Kant Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals 76

Review Exercises 86

Selected Bibliography 87

6 Naturalism and Virtue Ethics 88

Virtue Ethics 88

Natural Law Theory 91

READINGS 97

Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics 97

John Locke Second Treatise of Civi Government 104

Review Exercises 106

Selected Bibliography 107

7 Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care 109

An Ethics of Care 109

Feminist Thought 113

Evaluation of Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care 115

READINGS 117

Nel Noddings Caring 117

Annette Baier The Need for More than Justice 120

Review Exercises 127

Selected Bibliography 127

PART TWO ETHICAL ISSUES 129

8 Euthanasia 130

Brain Death 130

Meaning and Types of Euthanasia 131

Making Moral Judgments About Euthanasia 137

Morality and the Law 137

Infant Euthanasia 141

READINGS 144

J. Gay-Williams The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia 144

James Rachels Active and Passive Euthanasia 147

Carl B. Becker Buddhist Views of Suicide and Euthanasia 151

Review Exercises 160

Selected Bibliography 162

9 Abortion 163

Stages of Fetal Development 164

Methods of Abortion 164

Abortion and the Law 165

Abortion: The Moral Question 167

Arguments That Do Not Depend on the Fetal-Personhood Issue 167

Arguments That Depend on the Fetal-Personhood Issue 169

READINGS 175

Judith Jarvis Thomson A Defense of Abortion 175

Sidney Callahan Abortion and the Sexual Agenda: A Case for Prolife Feminism 186

Justices O Connor, Kennedy, and Souter Planned Parenthood v. Casey 192

Review Exercises 198

Selected Bibliography 199

10 Sexual Morality and Pornography 201

Conceptual Problems: What Is and Is Not Sexual 202

Relevant Factual Matters 203

Sexual Morality and Ethical Theories 204

Pornography 207

Liberty-Limiting Principles 208

Feminism and Pornography 213

READINGS 215

Thomas Nagel Sexual Perversion 215

Richard D. Mohr Prejudice and Homosexuality 222

Catharine MacKinnon Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech 228

Review Exercises 233

Selected Bibliography 235

11 Equality and Discrimination 236

Civil Rights Laws: A Brief History 239

Racism and Sexism 240

The Principle of Equality 241

READINGS 251

Richard A. Wasserstrom On Racism and Sexism: Realities and Ideals 251

Lisa Newton Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified 258

Robert K. Fullinwider Affirmative Action and Fairness 261

Review Exercises 265

Selected Bibliography 267

12 Economic Justice 269

Process or End State Distributive Justice 271

Equal Opportunity 272

Four Political and Economic Theories 273

John Rawls s Theory of Justice 274

International Issues of Economic Justice 278

READINGS 284

John Rawls Justice as Fairness 284

Robert Nozick Distributive Justice 294

Peter Singer Famine, Affluence, and Morality Xiaorong Li Human Rights, Development, and Asian Values (omitted) Selected Bibliography 312

13 Legal Punishment 314

The Nature of Legal Punishment 316

The Deterrence Argument 316

Problematic Aspects 317

The Retributivist Argument 318

Problematic Aspects 319

Punishment and Responsibility 320

The Death Penalty 321

READINGS 325

Hugo Adam Bedau A World Without Punishment 325

Ernest van den Haag The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense 334

Robert Johnson This Man Has Expired:Witness to an Execution 339

Review Exercises 347

Selected Bibliography 349

14 Environmental Ethics 350

The Environment 351

Value 351

Anthropocentrism 352

Ecocentrism 355

Deep Ecology 357

Ecofeminism 358

Sustainable Development 359

READINGS 362

William F. Baxter People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution 362

Holmes Rolston III Humans Valuing the Natural Environment 366

Bill Devall and George Sessions Deep Ecology 376

Review Exercises 386

Selected Bibliography 387

15 Animal Rights 389

Sentience 390

Animal Rights 391

Animal Experimentation 393

Endangered Species 395

READINGS 397

Peter SingerAll Animals Are Equal 397

Bonnie SteinbockSpeciesism and the Idea of Equality 405

Review Exercises 412

Selected Bibliography 413

16 Violence, Terrorism, and War 414

Violence 414

Terrorism 415

Pacifism 416

Just War Theory 417

War Crimes and Universal Human Rights 420

READINGS 423

B. G. Frey and Christopher W.Morris Violence, Terrorism, and Justice 423

Michael Walzer Nonviolence and the Theory of War 428

Review Exercises 432

Selected Bibliography 433

17 Technology and the Professions 435

Science 435

Medicine 437

Engineering 440

Information Systems and Computer Ethics 441

Business 446

Susan WolfEthics, Legal Ethics, and the Ethics of Law 449

READINGS 449

American Nurses Association Code for Nurses 456

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Code of Ethics for Engineers 457

Review Exercises 458

Selected Bibliography 460

APPENDIX How to Write an Ethics Paper 463

The Content of the Paper 463

The Paper s Structure 464

Types of Ethics Papers 466

Is It an Ethics Paper? 468

Structuring or Analyzing an Ethical Argument 468

Sample Ethics Papers 470

INDEX 476