INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROLPDF电子书下载

1 Quality Assurance In the Modern Business Environment 1

1-1 THE MEANING OF QUALITY 1

1-2 QUALITY ASSURANCE，TECHNOLOGY，AND PRODUCTIVITY 3

1-3 QUALITY COSTS 5

1-4 METHODS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE 11

1-5 THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALITY 15

1-6 LEGAL ASPECTS 17

1-7 SUMMARY 19

PART Ⅰ STATISTICAL METHODS USEFUL IN QUALITY ASSURANCE 21

2 Modeling Process Quality 23

2-1 DESCRIBING VARIATION 23

2-1.1 The Frequency Distribution and Histogram 23

2-1.2 Numerical Summary of Data 26

2-1.3 Probability Distributions 28

2-2 IMPORTANT DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS 33

2-2.1 The Hypergeometric Distribution 33

2-2.2 The Binomial Distribution 34

2-2.3 The Poisson Distribution 36

2-2.4 The Pascal and Related Distributions 37

2-3 IMPORTANT CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS 38

2-3.1 The Normal Distribution 38

2-3.2 The Exponential Distribution 44

2-3.3 The Gamma Distribution 46

2-3.4 The Weibull Distribution 47

2-4 SOME USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS 49

2-4.1 The Binomial Approximation to the Hypergeometric 49

2-4.2 The Poisson Approximation to the Binomial 50

2-4.3 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial 50

2-4.4 Comments on Approximations 51

2-5 EXERCISES 52

3 Inferences About Process Quality 57

3-1 STATISTICS AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 58

3-1.1 Sampling from a Normal Distribution 59

3-1.2 Sampling from a Bernoulli Distribution 62

3-1.3 Sampling from a Poisson Distribution 63

3-2 ESTIMATING PROCESS PARAMETERS 64

3-2.1 Point Estimation 65

3-2.2 Interval Estimation 66

3-3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING ON PROCESS PARAMETERS 75

3-3.1 Tests on Means,Variance Known 77

3-3.2 Tests on Means of Normal Distributions,Variance Unknown 79

3-3.3 Tests on Vsriances of Normal Distributions 83

3-3.4 Tests on Binomial Parameters 85

3-3.5 Tests on Poisson Parsmeters 87

3-3.6 The Probability of Type Ⅱ Error 89

3-4 EXERCISES 92

PART Ⅱ STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 99

4 How the Control Chart Works 101

4-1 CHANCE AND ASSIGNABLE CAUSES OF QUALITY VARIATION 101

4-2 STATISTICAL BASIS OF THE CONTROL CHART 102

4-2.1 Basic Principles 102

4-2.2 Choice of Control Limits 108

4-2.3 Sample Size and Sampling Frequency 110

4-3 RATIONAL SUBGROUPS 111

4-4 ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS ON CONTROL CHARTS 112

4-5 NONMANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL CHARTS 115

4-6 EXERCISES 116

5 Control Charts for Attributes 119

5-1 INTRODUCTION 119

5-2 THE CONTROL CHAR r FOR FRACTION NONCONFORMING 119

5-2.1 Development and Operation of the Control Chart 121

5-2.2 Variable Sample Size 133

5-2.3 The Operating-Characteristic Function 139

5-3 CONTROL CHARTS FOR NONCONFORMITIES （DEFECTS） 141

5-3.1 Procedures with Constant Sample Size 142

5-3.2 Procedures with Variable Sample Size 153

5-3.3 Demerit Systems 155

5-3.4 The Operating-Characteristic Function 156

5-4 EXERCISES 158

6 Control Charts for Variables 171

6-1 INTRODUCTION 171

6-2 CONTROL CHARTS FOR -x AND R 173

6-2.1 Statistical Basis of the Charts 173

6-2.2 Development and Use of -x and R Charts 176

6-2.3 Charts Based on Standard Values 188

6-2.4 Interpretation of -x and R Charts 189

6-2.5 The Effect of Nonnormality on -x and R Charts 192

6-2.6 The Operating-Characteristic Function 193

6-3 OTHER CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES 197

6-3.1 -x and S Control Charts 197

6-3.2 The S2Control Chart 199

6-3.3 Control Charts for Individual Units 200

6-3.4 Control Limits Based on a Small Number of Samples 202

6-4 CHOICE BETWEEN ATTRIBUTES AND VARIABLES CONTROL CHARTS 203

6-5 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES FOR -x，R，AND S CHARTS 205

6-6 GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING CONTROL CHART PROGRAMS 206

6-7 EXERCISES 209

7 Other Statistical Process-Control Techniques 221

7-1 MODIFIED CONTROL CHARTS 221

7-1.1 Basic Principles 221

7-1.2 Alternative Designs for the Modified Control Chart 224

7-2 THE CUMULATIVE-SUM CONTROL CHART 225

7-2.1 Basic Principles 225

7-2.2 Designing a Cumulative-Sum Control Chart 229

7-2.3 Related Procedures 230

7-3 CONTROL CHARTS BASED ON WEIGHTED AVERAGES 235

7-3.1 The Moving-Average Control Chart 235

7-3.2 The Geometric Moving-Average （GMA）Control Chart 239

7-4 PRE-CONTROL 243

7-5 METHODS FOR CONTROLLING SEVERAL RELATED QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS 245

7-6 STATISTICAL ALTERNATIVES TO CONTROL CHARTS 252

7-7 EVOLUTIONARY OPERATION 253

7-8 OVERVIEW OF OTHER PROCEDURES 260

7-9 EXERCISES 265

8 Process-Capability Analysis 273

8-1 INTRODUCTION 273

8-2 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING A HISTOGRAM OR A PROBABILITY PLOT 275

8-2.1 Using the Histogram 275

8-2.2 Probability Plotting 280

8-3 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING A CONTROL CHART 285

8-4 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS 288

8-5 SETTING SPECIFICATION LIMITS ON DISCRETE COMPONENTS 293

8-5.1 Linear Combinations 293

8-5.2 Nonlinear Combinations 297

8-6 ESTIMATING THE NATURAL TOLERANCE LIMITS OF A PROCESS 300

8-6.1 Tolerance Limits Based on the Normal Distribution 300

8-6.2 Nonparametric Tolerance Limits 301

8-7 EXERCISES 302

9 Economic Design of Control Charts 307

9-1 INTRODUCTION 307

9-1.1 Process Characteristics 308

9-1.2 Cost Parameters 309

9-1.3 Early Work and Semieconomic Designs 310

9-2 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE -x CONTROL CHART 312

9-2.1 Single Assignable-Cause Models 312

9-2.2 Multiple Assignable-Cause Models 324

9-2.3 Joint Economic Design of -x and R Control Charts 332

9-3 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE CONTROL CHART FOR FRACTION NONCONFORMING 333

9-4 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF OTHER CONTROL CHARTS 336

9-5 SUMMARY 338

APPENDIX 9A A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE -x CONTROL CHART 341

9-6 EXERCISES 343

PART Ⅲ ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 349

10 Lot-By-Lot Acceptance sampling for Attrioutes 351

10-1 THE ACCEPTANCE-SAMPLING PROBLEM 351

10-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling 353

10-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans 354

10-1.3 Lot Formation 354

10-1.4 Random Sampling 355

10-1.5 Guidelines for Using Acceptance Sampling 356

10-2 SINGLE-SAMPLING PLANS FOR ATTRIBUTES 358

10-2.1 Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan 358

10-2.2 The OC Curve 359

10-2.3 Designing a Single-Samoping Plan With a Specified OC cirve 366

10-2.4 Rectifying Inspection 367

10-3 DOUBLE,MULTIPLE,AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING 373

10-3.1 Double-Sampling Plans 373

10-3.2 Meltiple-Sampling Plans 382

10-3.3 Sequentral-Samping Plans 383

10-4 A LOT-SENSITIVE COMPLIANCE(I TPD)SAMPLING PLAN 387

10-5 MILITARY STANDARD 105D （ANSI/ASQC Z1.4） 389

10-5.1 Description of the Standard 389

10-5.2 Procedure 392

10-5.3 Discussion 408

10-6 DODGE-ROMIG SAMPLING PLANS 413

10-6.1 LTPD Plans 414

10-6.2 AOQL Plans 420

10-6.3 Estimation of Process Average 426

10-7 EXERCISES 426

11 Acceptance Sampling by Variables 431

11-1 INTRODUCTION TO VARIABLES SAMPLING 431

11-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Variables Sampling 431

11-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans Available 432

11-1.3 Caution in the Use of Variables Sampling 434

11-2 DESIGNING A VARIABLES SAMPLING PLAN WITH A SPECIFIED OC CURVE 435

11-3 MIL STD 414 （ANSI/ASQC Z1.9） 439

11-3.1 General Description of the Standard 439

11-3.2 Use of the Tsblrs 440

11-3.3 Discussion of MIL STD 414 and ANSI/ASQC Z1.9 453

11-4 OTHER VARIABLES SAMPLING PROCEDURES 455

11-4.1 Sampling by Variables to Give Assurance Regarding the Lot or Process Mean 455

11-4.2 Sequential Sampling by Variables 456

11-4.3 The Lot-Plot Method 456

11-4.4 Narrow-Limit Gaging 457

11-5 EXERCISES 458

12 Other Acceptance-Sampling Procedures 461

12-1 CHAIN SAMPLING 461

12-2 CONTINUOUS SAMPLING 463

12-2.1 CSP-1 464

12-2.2 CSP-2，CSP-3，and Multilevel Plans 468

12-2.3 MIL STD 1235B 470

12-3 SKIP-LOT SAMPLING PLANS 473

12-4 CONSIDERATION OF INSPECTION ERROR 477

12-5 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF ACCEPTANCE-SAMPLING PLANS 481

12-6 EXERCISES 485

BIBLIOGRAPHY 489

APPENDIX 497

Ⅰ Cumulative Poisson Distribution 498

Ⅱ Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution 501

Ⅲ Percentage Points of the x2Distribution 503

Ⅳ Percentage Points of the r Distribution 504

Ⅴ Percentage Points of the F Distribution 505

Ⅵ Factors for Constructina variables Control Charts 510

Ⅶ Factors for Two-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits 511

Ⅷ Factors for One-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits 512

Ⅸ Random Numbers 513

Index 515