1 Quality Assurance In the Modern Business Environment 1
1-1 THE MEANING OF QUALITY 1
1-2 QUALITY ASSURANCE，TECHNOLOGY，AND PRODUCTIVITY 3
1-3 QUALITY COSTS 5
1-4 METHODS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE 11
1-5 THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALITY 15
1-6 LEGAL ASPECTS 17
1-7 SUMMARY 19
PART Ⅰ STATISTICAL METHODS USEFUL IN QUALITY ASSURANCE 21
2 Modeling Process Quality 23
2-1 DESCRIBING VARIATION 23
2-1.1 The Frequency Distribution and Histogram 23
2-1.2 Numerical Summary of Data 26
2-1.3 Probability Distributions 28
2-2 IMPORTANT DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS 33
2-2.1 The Hypergeometric Distribution 33
2-2.2 The Binomial Distribution 34
2-2.3 The Poisson Distribution 36
2-2.4 The Pascal and Related Distributions 37
2-3 IMPORTANT CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS 38
2-3.1 The Normal Distribution 38
2-3.2 The Exponential Distribution 44
2-3.3 The Gamma Distribution 46
2-3.4 The Weibull Distribution 47
2-4 SOME USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS 49
2-4.1 The Binomial Approximation to the Hypergeometric 49
2-4.2 The Poisson Approximation to the Binomial 50
2-4.3 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial 50
2-4.4 Comments on Approximations 51
2-5 EXERCISES 52
3 Inferences About Process Quality 57
3-1 STATISTICS AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 58
3-1.1 Sampling from a Normal Distribution 59
3-1.2 Sampling from a Bernoulli Distribution 62
3-1.3 Sampling from a Poisson Distribution 63
3-2 ESTIMATING PROCESS PARAMETERS 64
3-2.1 Point Estimation 65
3-2.2 Interval Estimation 66
3-3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING ON PROCESS PARAMETERS 75
3-3.1 Tests on Means,Variance Known 77
3-3.2 Tests on Means of Normal Distributions,Variance Unknown 79
3-3.3 Tests on Vsriances of Normal Distributions 83
3-3.4 Tests on Binomial Parameters 85
3-3.5 Tests on Poisson Parsmeters 87
3-3.6 The Probability of Type Ⅱ Error 89
3-4 EXERCISES 92
PART Ⅱ STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 99
4 How the Control Chart Works 101
4-1 CHANCE AND ASSIGNABLE CAUSES OF QUALITY VARIATION 101
4-2 STATISTICAL BASIS OF THE CONTROL CHART 102
4-2.1 Basic Principles 102
4-2.2 Choice of Control Limits 108
4-2.3 Sample Size and Sampling Frequency 110
4-3 RATIONAL SUBGROUPS 111
4-4 ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS ON CONTROL CHARTS 112
4-5 NONMANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL CHARTS 115
4-6 EXERCISES 116
5 Control Charts for Attributes 119
5-1 INTRODUCTION 119
5-2 THE CONTROL CHAR r FOR FRACTION NONCONFORMING 119
5-2.1 Development and Operation of the Control Chart 121
5-2.2 Variable Sample Size 133
5-2.3 The Operating-Characteristic Function 139
5-3 CONTROL CHARTS FOR NONCONFORMITIES （DEFECTS） 141
5-3.1 Procedures with Constant Sample Size 142
5-3.2 Procedures with Variable Sample Size 153
5-3.3 Demerit Systems 155
5-3.4 The Operating-Characteristic Function 156
5-4 EXERCISES 158
6 Control Charts for Variables 171
6-1 INTRODUCTION 171
6-2 CONTROL CHARTS FOR -x AND R 173
6-2.1 Statistical Basis of the Charts 173
6-2.2 Development and Use of -x and R Charts 176
6-2.3 Charts Based on Standard Values 188
6-2.4 Interpretation of -x and R Charts 189
6-2.5 The Effect of Nonnormality on -x and R Charts 192
6-2.6 The Operating-Characteristic Function 193
6-3 OTHER CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES 197
6-3.1 -x and S Control Charts 197
6-3.2 The S2Control Chart 199
6-3.3 Control Charts for Individual Units 200
6-3.4 Control Limits Based on a Small Number of Samples 202
6-4 CHOICE BETWEEN ATTRIBUTES AND VARIABLES CONTROL CHARTS 203
6-5 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES FOR -x，R，AND S CHARTS 205
6-6 GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING CONTROL CHART PROGRAMS 206
6-7 EXERCISES 209
7 Other Statistical Process-Control Techniques 221
7-1 MODIFIED CONTROL CHARTS 221
7-1.1 Basic Principles 221
7-1.2 Alternative Designs for the Modified Control Chart 224
7-2 THE CUMULATIVE-SUM CONTROL CHART 225
7-2.1 Basic Principles 225
7-2.2 Designing a Cumulative-Sum Control Chart 229
7-2.3 Related Procedures 230
7-3 CONTROL CHARTS BASED ON WEIGHTED AVERAGES 235
7-3.1 The Moving-Average Control Chart 235
7-3.2 The Geometric Moving-Average （GMA）Control Chart 239
7-4 PRE-CONTROL 243
7-5 METHODS FOR CONTROLLING SEVERAL RELATED QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS 245
7-6 STATISTICAL ALTERNATIVES TO CONTROL CHARTS 252
7-7 EVOLUTIONARY OPERATION 253
7-8 OVERVIEW OF OTHER PROCEDURES 260
7-9 EXERCISES 265
8 Process-Capability Analysis 273
8-1 INTRODUCTION 273
8-2 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING A HISTOGRAM OR A PROBABILITY PLOT 275
8-2.1 Using the Histogram 275
8-2.2 Probability Plotting 280
8-3 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING A CONTROL CHART 285
8-4 PROCESS-CAPABILITY ANALYSIS USING DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS 288
8-5 SETTING SPECIFICATION LIMITS ON DISCRETE COMPONENTS 293
8-5.1 Linear Combinations 293
8-5.2 Nonlinear Combinations 297
8-6 ESTIMATING THE NATURAL TOLERANCE LIMITS OF A PROCESS 300
8-6.1 Tolerance Limits Based on the Normal Distribution 300
8-6.2 Nonparametric Tolerance Limits 301
8-7 EXERCISES 302
9 Economic Design of Control Charts 307
9-1 INTRODUCTION 307
9-1.1 Process Characteristics 308
9-1.2 Cost Parameters 309
9-1.3 Early Work and Semieconomic Designs 310
9-2 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE -x CONTROL CHART 312
9-2.1 Single Assignable-Cause Models 312
9-2.2 Multiple Assignable-Cause Models 324
9-2.3 Joint Economic Design of -x and R Control Charts 332
9-3 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE CONTROL CHART FOR FRACTION NONCONFORMING 333
9-4 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF OTHER CONTROL CHARTS 336
9-5 SUMMARY 338
APPENDIX 9A A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ECONOMIC DESIGN OF THE -x CONTROL CHART 341
9-6 EXERCISES 343
PART Ⅲ ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 349
10 Lot-By-Lot Acceptance sampling for Attrioutes 351
10-1 THE ACCEPTANCE-SAMPLING PROBLEM 351
10-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling 353
10-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans 354
10-1.3 Lot Formation 354
10-1.4 Random Sampling 355
10-1.5 Guidelines for Using Acceptance Sampling 356
10-2 SINGLE-SAMPLING PLANS FOR ATTRIBUTES 358
10-2.1 Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan 358
10-2.2 The OC Curve 359
10-2.3 Designing a Single-Samoping Plan With a Specified OC cirve 366
10-2.4 Rectifying Inspection 367
10-3 DOUBLE,MULTIPLE,AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING 373
10-3.1 Double-Sampling Plans 373
10-3.2 Meltiple-Sampling Plans 382
10-3.3 Sequentral-Samping Plans 383
10-4 A LOT-SENSITIVE COMPLIANCE(I TPD)SAMPLING PLAN 387
10-5 MILITARY STANDARD 105D （ANSI/ASQC Z1.4） 389
10-5.1 Description of the Standard 389
10-5.2 Procedure 392
10-5.3 Discussion 408
10-6 DODGE-ROMIG SAMPLING PLANS 413
10-6.1 LTPD Plans 414
10-6.2 AOQL Plans 420
10-6.3 Estimation of Process Average 426
10-7 EXERCISES 426
11 Acceptance Sampling by Variables 431
11-1 INTRODUCTION TO VARIABLES SAMPLING 431
11-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Variables Sampling 431
11-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans Available 432
11-1.3 Caution in the Use of Variables Sampling 434
11-2 DESIGNING A VARIABLES SAMPLING PLAN WITH A SPECIFIED OC CURVE 435
11-3 MIL STD 414 （ANSI/ASQC Z1.9） 439
11-3.1 General Description of the Standard 439
11-3.2 Use of the Tsblrs 440
11-3.3 Discussion of MIL STD 414 and ANSI/ASQC Z1.9 453
11-4 OTHER VARIABLES SAMPLING PROCEDURES 455
11-4.1 Sampling by Variables to Give Assurance Regarding the Lot or Process Mean 455
11-4.2 Sequential Sampling by Variables 456
11-4.3 The Lot-Plot Method 456
11-4.4 Narrow-Limit Gaging 457
11-5 EXERCISES 458
12 Other Acceptance-Sampling Procedures 461
12-1 CHAIN SAMPLING 461
12-2 CONTINUOUS SAMPLING 463
12-2.1 CSP-1 464
12-2.2 CSP-2，CSP-3，and Multilevel Plans 468
12-2.3 MIL STD 1235B 470
12-3 SKIP-LOT SAMPLING PLANS 473
12-4 CONSIDERATION OF INSPECTION ERROR 477
12-5 ECONOMIC DESIGN OF ACCEPTANCE-SAMPLING PLANS 481
12-6 EXERCISES 485
BIBLIOGRAPHY 489
APPENDIX 497
Ⅰ Cumulative Poisson Distribution 498
Ⅱ Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution 501
Ⅲ Percentage Points of the x2Distribution 503
Ⅳ Percentage Points of the r Distribution 504
Ⅴ Percentage Points of the F Distribution 505
Ⅵ Factors for Constructina variables Control Charts 510
Ⅶ Factors for Two-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits 511
Ⅷ Factors for One-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits 512
Ⅸ Random Numbers 513
Index 515