格氏解剖学教学版 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 The bodyIn the ClinicDetermination of skeletal age 16

Bone marrow transplants 17

Bone fractures 18

Avascular necrosis 18

Osteoporosis 19

Epiphyseal fractures 20

Degenerative joint disease 24

Joint replacement 26

The importance of fascias 27

Muscle paralysis 28

Muscle atrophy 28

Muscle injuries and strains 28

Atherosclerosis 29

Varicose veins 30

Anastomoses and collateral circulation 30

Lymph nodes 33

Dermatomes and myotomes 40

Referred pain 52

Clinical CaseAppendicitis 53

2 BackIn the ClinicSpina bifida 76

Vertebroplasty 77

Scoliosis 77

Kyphosis 78

Variation in vertebral numbers 78

The vertebrae and cancer 79

Osteoporosis 79

Back pain 81

Herniation of intervertebral discs 81

Joints 82

Ligamenta flava 84

Vertebral fractures 84

Pars interarticularis fractures 85

Surgical procedures on the back 86

Spinal fusion 86

Nerve injuries affecting superficial back muscles 101

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid tap 108

Herpes zoster 110

Back pain—alte rnative explanations 111

Clinical CasesSciatica versus lumbago 118

Cervical spinal cord injury 118

Psoas abscess 119

Dissecting thoracic aneurysm 119

Sacral tumor 121

3 ThoraxIn the ClinicBreast cancer 139

Cervical ribs 147

Collection of sternal bone marrow 147

Rib fractures 147

Surgical access to the chest 156

Chest drain(tube)insertion 156

Imaging the lungs 174

High—resolution lung CT 174

Bronchoscopy 174

Lung cancer 175

Pericarditis 179

Pericardial effusion 179

Constrictive pericarditis 180

Valve disease 191

Clinical terminology for coronary arteries 194

Coronary artery disease 196

Common congenital heart defects 197

Cardiac auscultation 197

Cardiac conduction system 200

Ectopic parathyroid glands in the thymus 206

Venous access for central and dialysis lines 208

Using the superior vena cava to access the inferior vena cava 209

Coarctation of the aorta 210

Thoracic aorta 210

Aortic arch and its anomalies 211

Abnormal origin of great vessels 211

The vagus nerves,recurrent laryngeal nerves,and hoarseness 214

Esophageal cancer 217

Esophageal rupture 217

Clinical CasesCervical rib 233

Lung cancer 234

Chest wound 234

Myocardial infarction 235

Broken pacemaker 238

Coarctation of the aorta 238

Aortic dissection 239

Pneumonia 240

Esophageal cancer 241

Venous access 242

4 AbdomenIn the ClinicSurgical incisions 269

Cremasteric reflex 288

Masses around the groin 290

Inguinal hernias 290

Femoral hernias 291

Umbilical hernias 291

Incisional hernias 291

Other hernias 291

Peritoneum 294

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts 294

Dialysis and peritoneal dialysis 294

Peritoneal spread of disease 294

The greater omentum 296

Epithelial transition between the abdominal esophagus and stomach 303

Duodenal ulceration 303

Examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract 304

Examination of the bowel lumen 304

Examination of the bowel wall and extrinsic masses 304

Meckel's diverticulum 306

Computed tomography(CT)scanning and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) 306

Advanced imaging methods 306

Carcinoma of the stomach 306

Appendicitis 310

Congenital disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 313

Malrotation and midgut volvulus 313

Bowel obstruction 314

Diverticular disease 315

Ostomies 315

Gastrostomy 315

Jejunostomy 315

Ileostomy 316

Colostomy 316

Ileal conduit 316

Annular pancreas 322

Segmental anatomy of the liver 325

Gallstones 326

Jaundice 326

Spleen disorders 327

Vascular supply to the gastrointestinal system 336

Hepatic cirrhosis 339

Portosystemic anastomosis 339

Surgery for obesity 347

Psoas muscle abscess 353

Diaphragmatic hernias 354

Hiatus hernia 355

Urinary tract stones 361

Urinary tract cancer 361

Nephrostomy 363

Kidney transplant 364

investigation of the urinary tract 366

Abdominal aortic stent graft 369

Inferior vena cava filter 371

Retrope ritoneal lymph node surgery 373

Clinical CasesTraumatic rupture of the diaphragm 391

Chronic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava 391

Liver biopsy in patients with suspected liver cirrhosis 392

Hodgkin's lymphoma 393

Inguinal hernia 394

Ureteric stone 395

Intra-abdominal abscess 395

Complications of an abdominoperineal resection 396

Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas 398

Caval obstruction 399

Diverticular disease 400

Endoleak after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm 401

Gastrointestinal bleed 401

Metastatic lesions in the liver 403

5 Pelvis and perineumIn the ClinicLocating the position of the femoral artery 421

Using the femoral artery for angiography and endovascular procedures 421

Using the femoral vein for pulmonary angiography 421

Bone marrow biopsy 424

Pelvic fracture 426

Common problems with the sacro-iliac joints 428

Pelvic measurements in obstetrics 433

Defecation 435

Episiotomy 439

Digital rectal examination 439

Carcinoma of the colon and rectum 441

Bladder stones 443

Suprapubic catheterization 443

Bladder cancer 444

Bladder infection 446

Urethral catheterization 447

Testicular tumors 448

Vasectomy 450

Prostate problems 451

Ovarian cancer 455

Imaging the ovary 455

Hysterectomy 456

Tubal ligation 457

Carcinoma of the cervix and uterus 457

The recto-uterine pouch 460

Pudendal block 466

Prostatectomy and impotence 471

Abscesses in the ischio-anal fossae 480

Hemorrhoids 482

Urethral rupture 490

Clinical CasesVaricocele 504

Sciatic nerve compression 505

Pelvic kidney 505

Left common iliac artery obstruction 506

Iatrogenic ureteric injury 507

Ectopic pregnancy 508

Uterine tumor 509

6 Lower limbIn the ClinicPelvic fractures 528

Blood supply to the femoral head and neck 532

Femoral neck fractures 532

Femoral shaft fracture 532

Varicose veins 544

Deep vein thrombosis 544

Vascular access to the lower limb 547

Intramuscular iniections 553

Muscle iniuries to the lower limb 569

Peripheral vascular disease 572

Chronic leg ischemia 572

Acute on chronic ischemia 572

Critical limb ischemia 572

Soft tissue injuries to the knee 582

Degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis 582

Examination of the knee joint 583

Neurological examination of the legs 592

Fracture of the talus 606

Midfoot fractures 606

Ankle fractures 608

Bunions 611

Morton's neuroma 626

Clinical CasesVaricose veins 638

Knee joint injury 639

Fracture of neck of femur 642

Deep vein thrombosis 643

Ruptured calcaneal tendon 644

Popliteal artery aneurysm 645

Anterior talofibular ligament tear 646

7 Upper limbIn the ClinicFracture of the proximal humerus 668

Fractures of the clavicle and dislocations of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints 673

Dislocations of the glenohumeral joint 674

Rotator cuff disorders 675

Quadrangular space syndrome 682

Damage to the long thoracic nerve 690

Imaging the blood supply to the upper limb 698

Trauma to the arteries of the upper limb 699

Fracture of rib I 699

Anterior dislocation of the humeral head 699

Subclavian pinch-off syndrome 699

Injuries to the brachial plexus 709

Breast cancer 711

Rupture of biceps tendon 716

Blood pressure measurement 720

Radial nerve injury in the arm 724

Median nerve injury in the arm 724

Elbow joint injury 727

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus 728

Transection of the radial or ulnar arteries 728

Pulled elbow 728

Fracture of the head of radius 728

Epicondylitis 728

Elbow arthritis 729

Ulnar nerve injury 729

Construction of a dialysis fistula 731

Fractures of the radius and ulna 734

Fracture of the scaphoid and avascular necrosis of the proximal scaphoid 756

Carpal tunnel syndrome 758

Snuffbox 759

Allen's test 770

Venipuncture 770

Ulnar nerve injury 772

Radial nerve injury 774

Clinical CasesShoulder problem after falling on an outstretched hand 786

Winged scapula 786

Brachial plexus nerve block 787

Complication of a fractured first rib 787

Carpal tunnel syndrome 788

Immobilizing extensor digitorum 789

Torn supraspinatus tendon 789

How to examine the hand 790

Shoulder joint problem 791

8 Head and neckIn the ClinicMedical imaging of the head 828

Fractures of the skull vault and extradural hematoma 829

Depressed skull fractures 829

Compound fractures 829

Pterion fractures 829

Hydrocephalus 834

Meningitis 835

Brain tumors 835

Stroke 839

Intracerebral aneurysms 840

Head injury 845

Types of intracranial hemorrhage 845

Clinical assessment of patients with head injury 847

Treatment of head injury 847

Cranial nerve lesions 855

Parotid gland 865

Facial nerve[Ⅶ]palsy(Bell's palsy) 872

Central lesions 872

Lesions at and around the geniculate ganglion 872

Lesions at and around the stylomastoid foramen 872

Trigeminal neuralgia 873

Scalp laceration 877

Homer's syndrome 882

Surgically-induced Horner's syndrome 882

Examination of the eye 892

Loss of innervation of the muscles around the eye 892

Glaucoma 899

Cataracts 899

Ophthalmoscopy 900

Examination of the ear 905

Tympanic membrane perforation 906

Mastoiditis 909

Lingual nerve injury 935

Dental anesthesia 937

Fascial planes of the head and neck 952

Central venous access 953

Jugular venous pulse 961

Thyroid gland 967

Thyroidectomy 967

Thyroid gland pathology 968

Clinical lymphatic drainage of the head and neck 985

Tracheostomy 1009

Clinical CasesMultinodular goiter 1071

Parotid duct calculus 1072

Extradural hematoma 1073

Stenosis of the internal carotid artery 1074

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm 1075

Recurrent epistaxis 1076

Complication of orbital fracture 1077

Brainstem tumor 1078

Pituitary macroadenoma 1079

1 The bodyWhat is anatomy? 4

How can gross anatomy be studied? 4

Important anatomical terms 4

Imaging 7

Diagnostic imaging techniques 7

Nuclear medicine imaging 10

Image interpretation 11

Plain radiography 12

Computed tomography 12

Magnetic resonance imaging 13

Nuclear medicine imaging 13

Safety in imaging 13

Body systems 14

Skeletal system 14

Cartilage 14

Bone 15

Joints 20

Skin and fascias 26

Skin 26

Fascia 26

Muscular system 27

Cardiovascular system 29

Lymphatic system 31

Lymphatic vessels 31

Lymph nodes 32

Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32

Nervous system 34

Central nervous system 34

Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34

Somatic part of the nervous system 35

Visceral part of the nervous system 41

Other systems 52

Clinical cases 53

2 BackConceptual overview 56

General description 56

Functions 57

Support 57

Movement 57

Protection of the nervous system 58

Component parts 58

Bones 58

Muscles 60

Vertebral canal 62

Spinal nerves 63

Relationship to other regions 64

Head 64

Thorax,abdomen,and pelvis 65

Limbs 65

Key features 65

Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65

Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66

Innervation of the back 66

Regional anatomy 67

Skeletal framework 67

Vertebrae 67

Intervertebral foramina 75

Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75

Joints 79

Joints between vertebrae in the back 79

Ligaments 82

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82

Ligamenta flava 82

Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae 83

Interspinous ligaments 84

Back musculature 86

Superficial group of back muscles 86

Intermediate group of back muscles 92

Deep group of back muscles 93

Suboccipital muscles 99

Spinal cord 101

Vasculature 102

Meninges 104

Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal 106

Spinal nerves 107

Surface anatomy 112

Back surface anatomy 112

Absence of lateral curvatures 112

Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane 112

Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112

How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes 114

Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space 115

Identifying major muscles 116

Clinical cases 118

3 ThoraxConceptual overview 124

General description 124

Functions 125

Breathing 125

Protection of vital organs 125

Conduit 125

Component parts 125

Thoracic wall 125

Superior thoracic aperture 126

Inferior thoracic aperture 126

Diaphragm 127

Mediastinum 128

Pleural cavities 128

Relationship to other regions 129

Neck 129

Upper limb 130

Abdomen 130

Breast 130

Key features 130

Vertebral level TIV/V 130

Venous shunts from left to right 132

Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall 132

Sympathetic system 134

Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134

Innervation of the diaphragm 134

Regional anatomy 137

Pectoral region 137

Breast 137

Muscles of the pectoral region 139

Thoracic wall 141

Skeletal framework 141

Intercostal spaces 147

Diaphragm 156

Venous drainage 158

Innervation 158

Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing 158

Pleurol cavities 159

Pleura 159

Lungs 163

Mediastinum 176

Middle mediastinum 177

Superior mediastinum 204

Posterior mediastinum 215

Anterior mediastinum 223

Surface anatomy 224

Thorax surface anatomy 224

How to count ribs 224

Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225

Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level 226

Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum 227

Visualizing the margins of the heart 227

Where to listen for heart sounds 228

Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs,pleural recesses,and lung lobes and fissures 228

Where to listen for lung sounds 229

Clinical cases 233

4 AbdomenConceptual overview 246

General description 246

Functions 247

Houses and protects major viscera 247

Breathing 249

Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249

Component parts 250

Wall 250

Abdominal cavity 251

Inferior thoracic aperture 253

Diaphragm 253

Pelvic inlet 254

Relationship to other regions 254

Thorax 254

Pelvis 254

Lower limb 255

Key features 256

Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult 256

Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves 259

The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall 260

Verterbral Level L1 262

The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries 262

Venous shunts from left to right 264

All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver 265

Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus 266

Regional anatomy 268

Surface topography 268

Four-quadrant pattern 268

Nine-region pattern 269

Abdominal wall 270

Superficial fascia 270

Anterolateral muscles 272

Extraperitoneal fascia 278

Peritoneum 279

Innervation 279

Arterial supply and venous drainage 280

Lymphatic drainage 282

Groin 282

Inguinal canal 284

Inguinal hernias 288

Abdominal viscera 292

Peritoneum 292

Peritoneal cavity 293

Organs 297

Arterial supply 327

Venous drainage 337

Lymphatics 341

Innervation 341

Posterior abdominal region 348

Posterior abdominal wall 349

Viscera 355

Vasculature 366

Lymphatic system 372

Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region 374

Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 374

Surface anatomy 382

Abdomen surface anatomy 382

Defining the surface projection of the abdomen 383

How to find the superficial inguinal ring 384

How to determine lumbar vertebral levels 385

Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral level 386

Visualizing the position of major blood vessels 387

Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera 388

Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred 389

Where to find the kidneys 390

Where to find the spleen 390

Clinical cases 391

5 Pelvis and perineumConceptual overview 406

General description 406

Functions 406

Contain and support bladder,rectum,anal canal,and reproductive tracts 406

Anchors the roots of the external genitalia 408

Component parts 408

Pelvic inlet 408

Pelvic walls 409

Pelvic outlet 409

Pelvic floor 411

Pelvic cavity 411

Perineum 412

Relationship to other regions 414

Abdomen 414

Lower limb 414

Key features 415

The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly 415

Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity 415

The prostate is anterior to rectum 417

The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments 417

Nerves are related to bone 418

Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection 418

Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body 419

Gender determines the course of the urethra 419

Regional anatomy 421

Pelvis 421

Bones 421

Joints 426

Orientation 428

Gender differences 428

True pelvis 429

Viscera 438

Fascia 458

Peritoneum 460

Nerves 462

Blood vessels 471

Lymphatics 477

Perineum 478

Borders and ceiling 478

Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses 480

Anal triangle 480

Urogenital triangle 483

Somatic nerves 490

Visceral nerves 492

Blood vessels 492

Veins 494

Lymphatics 496

Surface anatomy 497

Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum 497

Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position 497

How to define the margins of the perineum 497

Identification of structures in the anal triangle 499

Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women 500

Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men 501

Clinical cases 504

6 Lower limbConceptual overview 512

General introduction 512

Function 513

Support the body weight 513

Locomotion 515

Component parts 517

Bones and joints 517

Muscles 518

Relationship to other regions 520

Abdomen 520

Pelvis 521

Perineum 521

Key points 521

Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves 521

Nerves related to bone 525

Superficial veins 525

Regional anatomy 526

Bony pelvis 526

Proximal femur 529

Hip joint 532

Gateways to the lower limb 535

Nerves 537

Arteries 540

Veins 542

Lymphatics 542

Deep fascia and the saphenous opening 544

Femoral triangle 545

Gluteal region 547

Muscles 548

Nerves 551

Arteries 554

Veins 554

Lymphatics 554

Thigh 555

Bones 555

Muscles 561

Arteries 569

Veins 573

Nerves 573

Knee joint 575

Tibiofibular joint 584

Popliteal fossa 584

Leg 585

Bones 586

Joints 588

Posterior compartment of 588

Lateral compartment of 595

Anterior compartment of 596

Foot 600

Bones 600

Joints 605

Tarsal tunnel,retinacula,and arrangement of major structures at the ankle 612

Arches of the foot 614

Plantar aponeurosis 615

Fibrous sheaths of toes 615

Extensor hoods 616

Intrinsic muscles 616

Arteries 622

Veins 624

Nerves 624

Surface anatomy 628

Lower limb surface anatomy 628

Avoiding the sciatic nerve 628

Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle 630

Identifying structures around the knee 630

Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa 632

Finding the tarsal tunnel—the gateway to the foot 633

Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot 634

Finding the dorsalis pedis artery 635

Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch 635

Major superficial veins 636

Pulse points 637

Clinical cases 638

7 Upper limbConceptual overview 650

General description 650

Functions 651

Positioning the hand 651

The hand as a mechanical tool 651

The hand as a sensory tool 654

Component parts 654

Bones and joints 654

Muscles 655

Relationship to other regions 657

Neck 657

Back and thoracic wall 658

Key points 659

Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves 659

Nerves related to bone 663

Superficial veins 663

Orientation of the thumb 664

Regional anatomy 665

Shoulder 665

Bones 665

Joints 668

Muscles 675

Posterior scapular region 678

Muscles 678

Gateways to the posterior scapular region 680

Nerves 682

Arteries and veins 682

Axilla 684

Axillary inlet 685

Anterior wall 686

Medial wall 688

Lateral wall 690

Posterior wall 691

Gateways in the posterior wall 692

Floor 693

Contents of the axilla 693

Arm 710

Bones 712

Muscles 715

Arteries and veins 717

Nerves 720

Elbow joint 724

Cubital fossa 729

Forearm 731

Bones 732

Joints 734

Anterior compartment of the forearm 736

Muscles 736

Arteries and veins 742

Nerves 743

Posterior compartment of the forearm 745

Muscles 745

Arteries and veins 750

Nerves 751

Hand 751

Bones 752

Joints 754

Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist 756

Palmar aponeurosis 758

Palmaris brevis 759

Anatomical snuffbox 759

Fibrous digital sheaths 759

Extensor hoods 760

Muscles 762

Arteries and veins 767

Nerves 770

Surface anatomy 775

Upper limb surface anatomy 775

Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region 775

Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures 777

Locating the brachial artery in the arm 779

The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve 779

Cubital fossa(anterior view) 779

Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm 781

Normal appearance of the hand 782

Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve 783

Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand 783

Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches 784

Pulse points 784

Clinical cases 786

8 Head and neckConceptual overview 796

General description 796

Head 796

Neck 798

Functions 799

Protection 799

Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts 799

Communication 800

Positioning the head 800

Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts 800

Component parts 800

Skull 800

Cervical vertebrae 802

Hyoid bone 803

Soft palate 804

Muscles 804

Relationship to other regions 805

Thorax 805

Upper limbs 805

Key features 806

Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI 806

Airway in the neck 806

Cranial nerves 807

Cervical nerves 808

Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages 808

Triangles of the neck 811

Regional anatomy 812

Skull 812

Anterior view 812

Lateral view 814

Posterior view 816

Superior view 818

lnferior view 819

Cranial cavity 822

Roof 822

Floor 823

Meninges 830

Cranial dura mater 830

Arachnoid mater 833

Pia mater 833

Arrangement of meninges and spaces 834

Brain and its blood supply 835

Brain 835

Blood supply 837

Venous drainage 842

Cranial nerves 848

Olfactory nerve[Ⅰ] 849

Optic nerve[Ⅱ] 850

Oculomotor nerve[Ⅲ] 850

Trochlear nerve[Ⅳ] 850

Trigeminal nerve[Ⅴ] 851

Ophthalmic nerve[Ⅴ1] 852

Maxillary nerve[Ⅴ2] 852

Mandibular nerve[Ⅴ3] 852

Abducent nerve[Ⅵ] 852

Facial nerve[Ⅶ] 852

Vestibulocochlear nerve[Ⅷ] 853

Glossopharyngeal nerve[Ⅸ] 853

Vagus nerve[Ⅹ] 853

Accessory nerve[Ⅺ] 854

Hypoglossal nerve[Ⅻ] 854

Face 856

Muscles 857

Parotid gland 863

Innervation 865

Vessels 869

Scalp 873

Layers 873

Innervation 874

Vessels 876

Lymphatic drainage 877

Orbit 878

Bony orbit 878

Eyelids 879

Lacrimal apparatus 882

Sensory innervation 882

Fissures and foramina 885

Fascial specializations 886

Muscles 887

Vessels 892

Innervation 893

Eyeball 898

Ear 902

External ear 903

Middle ear 906

Internal ear 913

Temporal and infratemporal fossae 920

Bony framework 920

Temporomandibular joints 922

Masseter muscle 925

Temporal fossa 926

Infratemporal fossa 929

Pterygopalatine fossa 940

Skeletal framework 940

Gateways 941

Contents 942

Neck 947

Fascia 948

Superficial venous drainage 950

Anterior triangle of the neck 954

Posterior triangle of the neck 968

Root of the neck 976

Pharynx 985

Skeletal framework 986

Pharyngeal wall 987

Fascia 990

Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them 990

Nasopharynx 991

Oropharynx 993

Laryngopharynx 993

Tonsils 993

Vessels 994

Nerves 996

Larynx 997

Laryngeal cartilages 998

Extrinsic ligaments 1000

Intrinsic ligaments 1001

Laryngeal joints 1002

Cavity of the larynx 1003

Intrinsic muscles 1005

Function of the larynx 1008

Vessels 1010

Nerves 1012

Nasal cavities 1013

Lateral wall 1014

Regions 1015

Innervation and blood supply 1016

Skeletal framework 1016

External nose 1018

Paranasal sinuses 1018

Walls,floor,and roof 1020

Nares 1024

Choanae 1024

Gateways 1024

Vessels 1026

Innervation 1028

Oral cavity 1030

Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity 1031

Skeletal framework 1031

Walls:the cheeks 1034

Floor 1035

Tongue 1037

Salivary glands 1044

Roof—palate 1047

Oral fissure and lips 1055

Oropharyngeal isthmus 1055

Teeth and gingivae 1056

Surface anatomy 1061

Head and neck surface anatomy 1061

Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks 1062

Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels 1063

How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck 1063

How to locate the cricothyroid ligament 1064

How to find the thyroid gland 1065

Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery 1066

Major features of the face 1067

The eye and lacrimal apparatus 1068

External ear 1069

Pulse points 1070

Clinical cases 1071

Index 1081