PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW THIRD EDITIONPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ PRELIMINARY TOPICS 1

Ⅰ. SOURCES OF THE LAW 1

1. Introductory 1

2. The Statute of the International Court of Justice 3

3. International Custom 4

4. ‘Lawmaking' Treaties and Other Material Sources 12

5. General Principles of Law 15

6. General Principles of International Law 19

7. Judicial Decisions 20

8. The Writings of Publicists 25

9. Equity in Judgments and Advisory Opinions of the Inter-national Court 27

10. Considerations of Humanity 29

11. Legitimate Interests 30

Note on Comity 31

Note on Codification 31

Ⅱ. THE RELATION OF MUNICIPAL AND INTER-NATIONAL LAW 33

1. Theoretical Problems 33

2. Theories of Co-ordination 36

3. The Relation between Obligations of States and Municipal Law 36

4. The Position of the Individual 38

5. Issues of Municipal Law before International Tribunals 39

6. Municipal Laws as ‘Facts' before International Tribunals 41

7. Issues of International Law before Municipal Courts 44

8. The Doctrine of Incorporation in British and Common-wealth Courts 45

9. Treaties and the Interpretation of Statutes in the United Kingdom 50

10. The Reception of International Law in Other States 52

11. Relation of Executive and Judiciary 54

12. Res fudicata and the Two Systems 55

13. Relation to the Sources of International Law 57

14. Conclusion 58

PART Ⅱ PERSONALITY AND RECOGNITION 60

Ⅲ. SUBJECTS OF THE LAW 60

1. Introductory 60

2. Personality and Protected Status 62

3. Established Legal Persons 62

4. Special Types of Personality 66

5. Controversial Candidatures 69

6. Some Consequences 71

7. Problems of Choice of Law 72

Ⅳ. INCIDENCE AND CONTINUITY OF STATE-HOOD 73

1. Introductory 73

2. Legal Criteria of Statehood 74

3. States in Siatu Nascendi 82

4. Illegal Occupation and the Influence of Fus Cogens 82

5. Necessary Legal Constructions 83

6. Membership of International Organizations and Agencies 84

7. Identity and Continuity of States 84

8. Micro-States 88

Ⅴ. RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERNMENTS 89

1. Recognition as a General Category 89

2. States and Governments in Relation to Recognition 90

3. The Varied Legal Consequences of Acts of Recognition and Policies of Non-Recognition 93

4. Is there a Duty of Recognition? 94

5. Recognition of Governments 95

6. De Jure and De Facto Recognition 96

7. Retroactivity 97

8. Implied Recognition 98

9. Collective Recognition: Membership of Organizations 99

10. Non-Recognition and Sanctions 100

11. Issues of Recognition before National Courts 101

PART Ⅲ TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY 109

Ⅵ. TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY 109

1. The Concept of Territory 109

2. Sovereignty and Jurisdiction 109

3. Sovereignty and Ownership 110

4. Administration and Sovereignty 111

5. Sovereignty and Responsibility. The Ownership of Rights 111

6. Administration Divorced from State Sovereignty 112

7. Territory the Sovereignty of which is Indeterminate 112

8. Terminable and Reversionary Rights 113

9. Residual Sovereignty 114

10. International Leases 115

11. Use and Possession Granted in Perpetuity 116

12. Demilitarized and Neutralized Territory 117

13. The Concept of Territory: the Principle of Effective Control Applied by National Courts 117

14. Condominia 118

15. Vassalage, Suzerainty, and Protection 119

16. Mandates and Trust Territories 120

17. Parts of State Territory 120

18. Restrictions on Disposition of Territory 123

19. Capatity to Transfer or Acquire Territory 125

20. The Concept of Title 126

21. The Determination of Frontiers 127

22. Nemo dat quod non habet 128

Ⅶ. THE CREATION AND TRANSFER OF TERRITOR-IAL SOVEREIGNTY 130

1. Introducto 130

2. Historical Changes in Concepts of Law 131

3. The Doctrine of Inter-Temporal Law 131

4. Critical Dates 133

5. The Modes of Acquisition 134

6. Original and Derivative Title 135

7. Roots of Title 136

8. Effective Occupation 141

9. Abandonment or Derelictio 148

10. Discovery 149

11. Papal Grants 150

12. Symbolic Annexation 151

13. Extent of Sovereignty: Geographical Doctrines 153

14. Arctic and Antarctic Sectors 154

15. Accretion, Erosion and Avulsion 155

16. Acquisitive Prescription 156

17. Acquiescence and Recognition 163

18. Estoppel 164

19. Novation 165

20. Doctrine of Reversion 166

21. Relative Title 166

22. Historical Consolidation of Title 168

23. Acquisition of Maritime Territory and Other Topics 170

24. Problems of Alienability 173

Ⅷ. STATUS OF TERRITORY: FURTHER PROBLEMS 175

1. International Procedures Relating to Territorial Dispositions 175

2. Capacity of the United Nations to Administer Territory 178

3. Legal Regimes apart om State Sovereignty 179

PART Ⅳ LAW OF THE SEA 183

Ⅸ. TERRITORIAL SEA, CONTIGUOUS ZONES, AND ANALOGOUS CLAIMS 183

A. Territorial Sea 183

1. Introductory 183

2. Baseline for Measurement of the Territorial Sea 186

3. Straight Baselines: Recent Developments 190

4. Breadth of the Territorial Sea 191

5. Is Delimitation a Liberty of Coastal States? 194

6. The Present Legal Regime 196

7. Attempts to Establish a Uniform Breadth by Multilateral Convention 197

8. Baselines: Further Problems 199

9. Legal Regime of the Territorial Sea 203

B. Specialized Righis over the High Seas 209

1. Introductory 209

2. The Concept of the Contiguous Zone 210

3. Permissible Types of Zone 211

4. Delimitation of the Contiguous Zone 215

5. Problems of Enforcement 215

6. Other Zones for Special Purposes 217

Ⅹ. SUBMARINE AREAS: CONTINENTAL SHELF,SEABED, AND OCEAN FLOOR 222

1. Classification of Submarine Areas 222

2. Continental Shelf 222

3. Seabed and Ocean Floor 233

4. Special Cases 236

Ⅺ. THE REGIME OF THE HIGH SEAS 237

1. Introductory 237

2. The Freedom of the High Seas 238

3. The Maintenance of Order on the High Seas 242

4. Exceptions to the Principle ofthe Freedom of the High Seas 243

5. Jurisdiction over Ships on the High Seas 254

6. Oil Pollution Casualties and ‘Pirate' Radio 255

PART Ⅴ COMMON AMENITIES AND CO-OPERATION IN THE USE OF RESOURCES 258

Ⅻ. COMMON AMENITIES AND CO-OPERATION IN THE USE OFRESOURCES 258

1. Introduction 258

2. Economic Aid 259

3. Access to Resources: the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 261

4. Reatrictive Practices 262

5. Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas 263

6. Antarctica 265

7. Outer Space 266

8. International Rivers 270

9. Canals 275

10. Straits 279

11. Land locked States and Enclaves 283

12. Extra-Hazardous Activities and Problems of Neighbourhood 285

13. The International Sea-bed Area 286

PART Ⅵ STATE JURSDICTION 287

ⅩⅢ. SOVEREIGNTY AND EQUALITY OF STATES 287

1. In General 287

2. Sovereignty and the Application of Rules 288

3. Sovereignty and Legal Personality 289

4. Sovereignty and Competence 289

5. Membership of Organizations 290

6. The Reserved Domain of Domestic Jurisdiction 291

7. Article 2, Paragraph 7, of the United Nations Charter 293

8. International Tribunals and the Plea of Domestic Jurisdic-tion 295

ⅩⅣ.JURISDICTIONAL COMPETENCE 298

1. In General 298

2. Civil Jurisdiction 298

3. Criminal Jurisdiction 299

4.The Relations of the Separate Principles 305

5. Extra-territorial Enforcement Measures 306

6. A General View of the Law 309

7. Cognate Questions, Including Extradition 314

8. Special Cases of Concurrent Jurisdiction 316

ⅩⅤ. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF FOREIGN STATES 321

1. Introductory 321

2. The Distinction between Non-justiciability and Immunity as a Jurisdictional Bar 322

3. The Rationale of Jurisdictional Immunity 325

4. State Immunity: Controversy over its Extent 326

5. The Distinction between Acts Fure Imperii and Fure Gestionis 330

6. Some Questions of Policy and Principle 332

7. The European Convention on State Immunity 334

8. The Evolution of the English Cases 336

9. Waiver of Immunity 339

10. The Principle of Reciprocity 340

11. Other Exceptions to the Principle of Immunity 340

12. Political Subdivisions and State Agencies 341

13. Jurisdictional Immunities: Treaty Provisions 343

14. Attachment and Seizure in Execution 343

15. Specialized Privileges and Immunities 344

ⅩⅥ. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS 345

1. Diplomatic Relations: Introductory 345

2. General Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations 346

3. Staff, Premises, and Facilities of Missions 348

4. Inviolability of Missions 351

5. Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents 353

6. Personal Immunities from Local Jurisdiction 354

7. Immunity from Jurisdiction for Official Acts （Ratione Materiae） 356

8. Immunity om Application of Certain Local Laws 357

9. Some other Aspects of Immunity 357

10. Consular Relations 359

11. Special Missions 362

12. The Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Inter-nationally Protected Persons 362

ⅩⅦ. RESERVATIONS FROM TERRITORIAL SOVE-REIGNTY 364

1. Territorial Privileges by Concession 364

2. Other Restrictions on Territorial Supremacy 375

3. External Imposition of Governmental Functions without the Consent of the Sovereign 376

4. The Regulation of Rights 376

PART Ⅶ RULES OF ATTRIBUTION （APART FROM TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND STATE JURISDICTION） 380

ⅩⅧ. THE RELATIONS OF NATIONALITY 380

1. The Doctrine of the Freedom of States in Matters of Nation-ality 380

2. Opinions of Governments on the Iasue of Autonomy 383

3. The Convention Concerning Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws 385

4. Nationality Rules Commonly Adopted by States 385

5. Legal Status of the ‘General Principles' 392

6. The Logical Application of Rules of International Law 394

7. State Responsibility and the Doctrine of the Genuine Link 396

8. Nationality of Claims 398

9. Diplomatic Protection 401

10. Nationality by Estoppel 403

11. Compulsory Change of Nationality 404

12. The Functional Approach to Nationality 405

13. The Principle of Effective Link and the Judgment in the Nottebohm Case 406

ⅩⅨ. SOME RULES OF ATTRIBUTION: CORPORA-TIONS AND SPECIFIC ASSETS 421

1. General Aspects 421

2. Corporations 421

3. Ships 424

4. Aircraft 426

5. Space Vehicles 428

6. Property in General 428

7. Assets of International Organizations 429

PART Ⅷ THE LAW OF RESPONSIBILITY 431

ⅩⅩ. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES 431

1. The Relations of the Subject 431

2. The Basis and Nature of State Responsibility 431

3. Boundaries of Responsibility 435

4. Objective Responsibility 436

5. Calpa 439

6. Intention and Motive 440

7. The Individuality of Issues: the Corfu Chasscl Case 441

8. Liability for Lawful Acts. Abuse of Rights 443

9. Responsibility for the Acts of State Organs, Offcials, Revolu-tionaries, and Others 445

10. Agency and Joint Tortfeasors 454

11. The Types of Damnum and the Forms and Function of Reparation 457

12. Compensation, Damages （Dommages-Interets） 463

13. Justifications 464

14. The Nature of a Legal Interest: Locus Standi 466

15. Causes of Action 473

16. Control of Discretionary Powers 475

17. Ultra-hazardous Activities 476

ⅩⅪ. THE ADMISSIBILITY OF STATE CLAIMS 478

1. Introductory 478

2. Diplomatic Negotiations 479

3. Legal Disputes 479

4. Absence of a Legal Interest of the Plaintiff 480

5. Diplomatic Protection: the Nationality of Claims 480

6. Exhaustion of Local Remedies 495

7. Extinctive Prescription 505

8. Waiver of Claims 506

9. Other Grounds of Inadmissibility 506

10. Counter-claims 507

11. Foreign Acts of State in Municipal Courts 507

ⅩⅫ. SOME INCIDENTS OF ILLEGALITY AND THE CONCEPT OF JUS COGENS 509

1. The Varying Content of Iegality 509

2. Objective Consequences of Illegal Events 510

3. General Wrongs: Abuse of State Competence 510

4. Ex injuria non oritur jus 511

5. Fus Cogens 512

6. The Obligation of Putting an End to an Illegal Situation 515

PART Ⅸ THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS 518

ⅩⅩⅢ. INJURY TO THE PERSONS AND PROPERTY OF ALIENS ON STATE TERRITORY 518

1. State and Individual 518

2. Admission, Expulsion, and Liabilities of Aliens 519

3. General Principles 521

4. The Standard of National Treatment 523

5. The International Minimum Standard 524

6. The Two Standards in Perspective 525

7. Relevant Forms of Delictual Responsibility 528

8. Denial of Justice 529

9. Expropriation of Foreign Property 531

10. The Compensation Rule 533

11. The Principle of National Treatment 536

12. Control of Major National Resources 537

13. Expropriation Unlawful per se 538

14. The General Assembly Resolution of 1962 on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 540

15. The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 541

16. Conclusions on Expropriation 543

17. Legal Devices Adopted by Investors and Hosts to Foreign Capital 545

18. Breaches and Annulment of State Contracts 547

19. Foreign Investment Agreements 551

ⅩⅩⅣ. THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS: HUMAN RIGHTS AND SELF-DETER-MINATION 552

1. Sovereignty and Domestic Jurisdiction 552

2. Rights Conferred by Treaty 553

3. The Individual and the State 554

4. Nationality and the Concept of Territory. 559

5. The Individual as Representative and Agent 560

6. The Individual and International Criminal Responsibility 561

7. International Protection of Human Rights 564

8. Recent Developments 576

9. The Individual before Tribunals Exercising International Jurisdiction 577

10. The Principle of Self-Determination 593

11. The Standard of Non-discrimination 596

12. Evaluation and Synthesis 598

PART Ⅹ INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS 600

ⅩⅩⅤ. THE LAW OF TREATIES 600

1. Introductory 600

2. Conclusion of Treaties 602

3. Reservations 605

4. Entry into Force, Deposit, and Registration 608

5. Invalidity of Treaties 610

6. Termination and Suspension of Treaties 613

7. Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension: General Rules 618

8. Application and Effects of Treaties 619

9. Amendment and Modification of Treaties 622

10. Interpretation of Treaties 623

11. Classification of Treaties 630

12. Participation in General Multilateral Treaties 631

ⅩⅩⅥ. OTHER TRANSACTIONS: AGENCY AND REPRE-SENTATION 633

1. Informal Agreements 633

2. Quasi-Legislative Acts 633

3. Unilateral Acts 634

4. Estoppel （Preclusion） 637

5. Agency and Representation 639

ⅩⅩⅦ. TECHNIQUES OF SUPERVISION AND PROTEC-TION 641

1. Introductory 641

2. Reporting Procedures 641

3. Fact-finding Bodies 642

4. Political Supervision 642

5. Complaints Procedures apart from Adjudication 643

6. Judicial Supervision 645

7. Quasi-judicial Bodies 646

8. Negotiation and Conciliation 647

9. Other Control Procedures 647

10. The Types of Rules 647

11. Problems of Co-ordination: Regional Bodies 648

12. Certain Other Issues: Inspection Procedures 649

PART Ⅻ TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES 651

ⅩⅩⅧ. STATE SUCCESSION 651

1. State Succession as a Category 651

2. The Pre-emption of Problems by Treaty, Acquiescence, and Estoppel 652

3. Territorial Sovereignty and Domestic Juriediction 653

4. The Interaction of Rules of Law 658

5. Particular Legal Issues 658

6. Relevance of the Political Form of Territorial Change 671

7. Doctrine of Reversion 672

ⅩⅩⅨ. OTHER CASES OF TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES 674

1. Succession between International Organizations 674

2. Cases of Ageney 675

3. Assignment 676

PART Ⅻ INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND TRIBUNALS 677

ⅩⅩⅩ. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 677

1. Introductory 677

2. Legal Personality 677

3. Performance of Acts in the Law 681

4. Interpretation of the Constituent Instrument: Inherent and Implied Powers 686

5. Relations with Member States 688

6. The Functional Concept of Membership 690

7. Relations with States not Members 691

8. Relations between Organizations 692

9. Relation to Municipal Law 694

10. Law-making by Organizations 695

11. Control of Acts of Organizations 698

ⅩⅩⅪ. THE JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNA-TIONAL DISPUTES 705

1. Peaceful Settlement in General 705

2. Arbitration 706

3. Permanent Court of Arbitration 707

4. Codes of Arbitral Procedure 708

5. Judicial Settlement 709

6. The Permanent Court of International Justice and the Inter-national Court of Justice 712

7. Organization of the Court 713

8. Jurisdiction of the Court in Contentious Cases 716

9. Heads of Jurisdiction 719

10. The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court 728

11. An Evaluation of the Court 730

INDEX 735