1 Introduction 1
1-1 Conduction Heat Transfer 2
1-2 Thermal Conductivity 6
1-3 Convection Heat Transfer 10
1-4 Radiation Heat Transfer 14
1-5 Dimensions and Units 15
1-6 Computer Solution of Heat Transfer Problems 21
1-7 Summary 22
2 Steady-State Conduction—One Dimension 27
2-1 Introduction 27
2-2 The Plane Wall 27
2-3 Insulation and R Values 29
2-4 Radial Systems—Cylinders 30
2-5 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 34
2-6 Critical Thickness of Insulation 36
2-7 Heat-Source Systems 37
2-8 Cylinder with Heat Sources 39
2-9 Conduction-Convection Systems 43
2-10 Fins 46
2-11 Thermal Contact Resistance 55
3 Steady-State Conduction—Multiple Dimensions 73
3-1 Introduction 73
3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction 74
3-3 Graphical Analysis 76
3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor 77
3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis 86
3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements 99
3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration 101
3-8 Accuracy Considerations 103
3-9 Electrical Analogy for Two-Dimensional Conduction 119
3-10 Summary 120
4 Unsteady-State Conduction 139
4-1 Introduction 139
4-2 Lumped-Heat-Capacity System 141
4-3 Transient Heat Flow in a Semi-Infinite Solid 144
4-4 Convection Boundary Conditions 147
4-5 Multidimensional Systems 160
4-6 Transient Numerical Method 166
4-7 Thermal Resistance and Capacity Formulation 174
4-8 Graphical Analysis—The Schmidt Plot 194
4-9 Summary 197
5 Principles of Convection 217
5-1 Introduction 217
5-2 Viscous Flow 217
5-3 Inviscid Flow 221
5-4 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 225
5-5 Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer 232
5-6 The Thermal Boundary Layer 235
5-7 The Relation between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer 245
5-8 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer 247
5-9 Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Thickness 254
5-10 Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow 256
5-11 Turbulent Flow in a Tube 260
5-12 Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow 263
5-13 Summary 269
6 Empirical and Practical Relations for Forced-Convection Heat Transfer 281
6-1 Introduction 281
6-2 Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow 283
6-3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres 298
6-4 Flow across Tube Banks 309
6-5 Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer 315
6-6 Summary Remarks 320
7 Natural-Convection Systems 333
7-1 Introduction 333
7-2 Free-Convection Heat Transfer on a Vertical Flat Plate 333
7-3 Empirical Relations for Free Convection 340
7-4 Free Convection from Vertical Planes and Cylinders 342
7-5 Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders 349
7-6 Free Convection from Horizontal Plates 352
7-7 Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces 353
7-8 Nonnewtonian Fluids 355
7-9 Simplified Equations for Air 355
7-10 Free Convection from Spheres 356
7-11 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces 357
7-12 Combined Free and Forced Convection 364
7-13 Summary 368
8 Radiation Heat Transfer 385
8-1 Introduction 385
8-2 Physical Mechanism 385
8-3 Radiation Properties 387
8-4 Radiation Shape Factor 396
8-5 Relations between Shape Factors 405
8-6 Heat Exchange between Nonblackbodies 412
8-7 Infinite Parallel Planes 419
8-8 Radiation Shields 421
8-9 Gas Radiation 425
8-10 Radiation Network for an Absorbing and Transmitting Medium 436
8-11 Radiation Exchange with Specular Surfaces 442
8-12 Radiation Exchange with Transmitting, Reflecting, and Absorbing Media 448
8-13 Formulation for Numerical Solution 454
8-14 Solar Radiation 471
8-15 Radiation Properties of the Environment 476
8-16 Effect of Radiation on Temperature Measurement 482
8-17 The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient 483
8-18 Summary 483
9 Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer 507
9-1 Introduction 507
9-2 Condensation Heat-Transfer Phenomena 507
9-3 The Condensation Number 513
9-4 Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes 514
9-5 Boiling Heat Transfer 516
9-6 Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer with Water 529
9-7 Summary and Design Information 530
10 Heat Exchangers 541
10-1 Introduction 541
10-2 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 542
10-3 Fouling Factors 547
10-4 Types of Heat Exchangers 548
10-5 The Log Mean Temperature Difference 552
10-6 Effectiveness-NTU Method 561
10-7 Compact Heat Exchangers 575
10-8 Analysis for Variable Properties 579
10-9 Heat-Exchanger Design Considerations 586
11 Mass Transfer 599
11-1 Introduction 599
11-2 Fick's Law of Diffusion 600
11-3 Diffusion in Gases 601
11-4 Diffusion in Liquids and Solids 606
11-5 The Mass-Transfer Coefficient 607
11-6 Evaporation Processes in the Atmosphere 611
12 Special Topics in Heat Transfer 619
12-1 Introduction 619
12-2 Heat Transfer in Magnetofluidynamic （MFD） Systems 619
12-3 Transpiration Cooling 625
12-4 Low-Density Heat Transfer 631
12-5 Ablation 640
12-6 The Heat Pipe 642
Appendixes 651
A Tables 651
B Exact Solutions of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations 671
C Analytical Relations for the Heisler Charts 677
D Heat-Transfer Software 683
D-1 Introduction 683
D-2 Setting Up the Programs 684
D-3 Documentation of the Twelve Programs 684
Problems Using Heat-Transfer Software 691
Index 705