功能语法入门PDF电子书下载

1.The purposes of linguistic analysis 1

1.1 Starting-points 1

1.1.1 Goingin through form 2

1.1.2 Going in through meaning 6

1.2 Language,context and function:a preliminary exploration 10

Exercise 11

2.Identifying clauses and clause constituents 13

2.1 Breaking up the sentence and labelling the parts 13

2.1.1 Recognising constituents 13

2.1.2 Structural and functional labels 17

2.2 Ranks 20

Exercise 24

3.An overview of Functional Grammar 26

3.1 Three kinds of meaning 26

3.1.1 The three metafunctions 28

3.1.2 Three kinds of function in the clause 30

3.1.3 Three kinds of structure in the clause 32

3.1.4 Bringing it all together 33

3.1.5 A fourth metafunction 35

3.2 Register and genre 35

4.Interaction in the clause:the interpersonal metafunction 38

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Roles of addressers and audience 39

4.3 Mood 41

4.3.1 The structure of the Mood 41

4.3.2 Identifying Subject and Finite 42

4.3.3 Meanings of Subject and Finite 44

4.3.4 Mood in non-declarative clauses 46

4.3.5 The Residue 50

4.3.6 Modal Adjuncts 52

4.4.1 Modality and polarity 56

4.4 Modality 56

4.4.2 Types of modality 57

4.4.3 Modal commitment 59

4.4.4 Modal responsibility 60

4.4.5 Modality in text 63

4.5 Evaluation 65

4.6 Interaction and negotiation 67

4.7 Interaction in text 70

Exercises 73

5.Representing the world:the experiential metafunction 76

5.1 Introduction 76

5.2 Transitivity 78

5.2.1 Material processes 79

5.2.2 Mental processes 82

5.2.3 Relational processes 86

5.2.4 Other types of process 96

5.2.5 Other participant roles 102

5.2.6 Circumstances 104

5.2.7 Transitivity in text 107

5.3 Ergativity 112

Exercises 115

6.Organising the message:the textual metafunction:Theme 117

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Theme 118

6.3 Identifying Theme 119

6.3.1 Theme in declarative clauses 119

6.3.2 Theme in non-declarative clauses 122

6.4 Thematising structures 125

6.4.1 Thematic equatives 125

6.4.2 Predicated Theme 127

6.4.3 Thematised comment 129

6.4.5 Passive clauses and Theme 130

6.4.4 Preposed Theme 130

6.5 Theme in clause complexes 131

6.6 Multiple Theme 133

6.6.1 Conjunctions in Theme 134

6.6.2 Conjunctive and modal Adjuncts in Theme 134

6.6.3 Textual,interpersonal and experiential elements in Theme 136

6.6.4 Interrogatives as multiple Themes 137

6.7 Some problems in Theme analysis 138

6.7.1 Existential'there'as Theme 138

6.7.2 Theme in reported clauses 139

6.7.3 Interpolations in Theme 139

6.7.4 Preposed attributives 140

6.8 Theme in text 141

Exercises 144

7.1 Cohesion and coherence 147

7.Organising the message:the textual metafunction:cohesion 147

7.2 Reference and ellipsis 148

7.2.1 Reference 148

7.2.2 Ellipsis 152

7.3 Conjunction 156

7.4 Cohesion in text 158

Exercise 161

8.Grammatical metaphor 163

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Experiential and logical metaphors 166

8.3 Interpersonal metaphors 172

8.4 Textual metaphor 176

8.5 A cautionary note 176

Exercises 177

9.1.1 Nominal groups 179

9.Groups and phrases 179

9.1 Groups 179

9.1.2 Verbal groups 185

9.1.3 Other types of group 188

9.2 Prepositional phrases 189

9.3 Group complexes 190

Exercises 192

10.Clauses in combination 194

10.1 Units of analysis 194

10.2 Types of relations between clauses 196

10.2.1 Logical dependency relations 196

10.2.2 Logico-semantic relations 200

10.3 Expansion 201

10.3.1 Elaborating 201

10.3.2 Extending 203

10.3.3 Enhancing 204

10.4 Projection 206

10.4.1 Quotes and reports 206

10.4.2 Facts 209

10.4.3 Projection in text 210

Exercises 211

11.Implications and applications of Functional Grammar 214

11.1 Three-dimensional analysis of texts 214

11.2 A summary review of Functional Grammar 220

11.3 Using Functional Grammar 222

11.4 Closing 224

Answers to exercises 225

Further Reading 250

References 254

Index 257

文库索引 263