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Part Ⅰ The Clause 1

1 Constituency 3

1.1 Constituency in writing 3

1.2 Constituency in speech 7

1.3 Rhythm:the foot 7

1.4 Intonation:the tone group 9

1.5 Syllables and phonemes 11

1.6 The significance of constituent structure 12

2.1 Grammatical constituency 17

2 Towards a functional grammar 17

2.2 Maximal and minimal bracketing 20

2.3 Labelling 24

2.4 Classes and functions 28

2.5 Subject,Actor,Theme 30

2.6 Three lines of meaning in the clause 33

3 Clause as message 37

3.1 Theme and Rheme 37

3.2 Simple Themes of more than one group or phrase 39

3.3 Theme and mood 42

3.4 Other characteristic Themes 48

3.5 Multiple Themes 52

3.6 Clauses as Themes 54

3.7 Predicated Themes 58

3.8 Theme in dependent,minor and elliptical clauses 61

3.9 Thematic interpretation of a text 64

4 Clause as exchange 68

4.1 The nature of dialogue 68

4.2.1 Structure of the Mood 71

4.2 The Mood element 71

4.2.2 Meaning of Subject and Finite 75

4.3 Other elements of Mood structure 78

4.3.1 Structure of the Residue 78

4.3.2 Modal Adjuncts 81

4.3.3 Conjunctive Adjuncts 83

4.3.4 Vocatives and Expletives 85

4.4 WH-interrogative,exclamative and imperative clauses 85

4.5 Polarity and modality 88

4.6.1 Ellipsis 92

4.6 Absence of elements of the modal structure 92

4.6.2 Minor clauses 95

4.7 Clause as Subject 96

4.8 Texts 99

5 Clause as representation 106

5.1 Process,participant and circumstance 106

5.1.1 Modelling experience 106

5.1.2 Process,participants and circumstances 107

5.2 Material processes:processes of doing 109

5.3 Mental processes:processes of sensing 112

5.4 Relational processes:processes of being 119

5.4.1 Relational processes 119

5.4.2 Intensive processes:attributive 120

5.4.3 Intensive processes:identifying 122

5.4.4 Token and Value 124

5.4.5 Summary of attributive and identifying(intensive)clauses 128

5.4.6 Circumstantial and possessive processes 130

5.5.1 Behavioural processes 138

5.5 Other process types;summary of process types 138

5.5.2 Verbal processes 140

5.5.3 Existential processes 142

5.5.4 Summary of process types 143

5.6 Other participant functions 144

5.6.1 Beneficiary 144

5.6.2 Range 146

5.7 Circumstantial elements 149

5.7.1 Types of circumstance 152

5.7.2 The status of circumstances 158

5.8 Transitivity and voice:another interpretation 161

Part Ⅱ Above,Below and Beyond the Clause 177

6 Below the clause:groups and phrases 179

6.1 Groups and phrases 179

6.2 Nominal group 180

6.2.1 Experiential structure of the nominal group:from Deictic to Classifier 181

6.2.2 Experiential structure of the nominal group:interpretation of ordering;the Qualifier 187

6.2.3 Experiential structure of the nominal group:the Thing 189

6.2.4 A note on interpersonal and textual contributions 190

6.2.5 Logical structure of the nominal group 191

6.2.6 Head and Thing 194

6.3 Verbal group 196

6.3.1 Experiential structure of the verbal group 196

6.3.2 Logical structure of the verbal group 198

6.3.3 Finite,sequent and non-finite tense systems 200

6.3.4 Phrasal verbs 207

6.4 Adverbial group,conjunction group,preposition group 210

6.4.1 Adverbial group 210

6.4.2 Conjunction group 211

6.4.3 Preposition group 212

6.5 Prepositional phrase 212

6.6 Summary of word classes 214

7 Above the clause:the clause complex 215

7.1 'Clause complex'and'sentence' 215

7.2 Types of relationship between clauses 216

7.3 Types of interdependency:parataxis and hypotaxis 221

7.4 Elaborating,extending,enhancing:three kinds of expansion 225

7.4.1 Elaboration 225

7.4.2 Extension 230

7.4.3 Enhancement 232

7.4.4 Expansion clauses that are not explicitly marked for any logical-semantic relation 239

7.4.5 Embedded expansions 242

7.4.6 Acts 248

7.5 Reports,ideas and facts:three kinds of projection 250

7.5.1 Quoting('direct speech'):verbal process,parataxis 250

7.5.2 Reporting('indirect speech'):mental process,hypotaxis 252

7.5.3 Reporting speech,quoting thought 254

7.5.4 Projecting offers and commands 257

7.5.5 Free indirect speech 260

7.5.6 Embedded locutions and ideas 263

7.5.7 Facts 264

7.5.8 Summary of projection 269

7 Additional:Group and phrase complexes 274

7A.1 Parataxis:groups and phrases 274

7A.2 Hypotaxis:nominal group 276

7A.3 Hypotaxis:adverbial group/prepositional phrase 277

7A.4 Hypotaxis:verbal group,expansion(1):general 278

7A.5 Hypotaxis:verbal group,expansion(2):passives and causatives 282

7A.6 Hypotaxis:verbal group,projection 288

8 Beside the clause:intonation and rhythm 292

8.1 Introductory:foot and tone group 292

8.2 Rhythm 292

8.3 Tonicity 295

8.4 Nature of the information unit 295

8.6 Given+New and Theme+Rheme 299

8.7 Tone 302

8.8 Tonic and pretonic 304

8.9 Key 305

8.10 Tone as expression of relationship in a unit complex 306

9 Around the clause:cohesion and discourse 308

9.1 The concept of cohesion 308

9.2 Reference 312

8.5 Meaning of Given and New 313

9.3 Ellipsis and substitution 316

9.4 Conjunction 323

9.5 Lexical cohesion 330

9.6 The creation of texture 334

10 Beyond the clause:metaphorical modes of expression 340

10.1 Rhetorical transference 340

10.2 Grammatical metaphor 342

10.3 Ideational metaphors 343

10.3.1 Metaphors of transitivity 344

10.3.2 The representation of metaphorical forms 346

10.3.3 Spoken and written language 349

10.3.4 Ideational metaphors and nominalization 352

10.4.1 Metaphors of modality 354

10.4 Interpersonal metaphors 354

10.4.2 A further account of modality 355

10.4.3 Metaphors of mood 363

Appendices 368

1 The'silver'text:analysis and interpretation 368

2 A note on the grammar of little texts 392

3 Variations on a causal theme 398

Further Reading 404

Bibliography 413

文库索引 435