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PART Ⅰ 11

CHAPTER Ⅰ.VOCABULARY 11

General Principles 11

Familiar and far-fetched words 14

Concrete and abstract expression 15

Circumlocution 15

Short and long words 16

Saxon and Romance words 16

Requirements of different styles 17

Malaprops 18

Neologisms 28

Americanisms 33

Foreign words 36

Formation 46

Slang 57

Individual 62

Mutual 65

Unique 67

Aggravate 68

Case 69

CHAPTER Ⅱ.SYNTAX 69

Number 73

Comparatives and superlatives 78

Relatives 83

Defining and non-defining relative clauses 83

That and who or which 88

And who,and which 93

Case of the relative 101

Miscellaneous uses of the relative 104

It...that 112

Participle and gerund 116

Participles 119

The gerund 124

Distinguishing the gerund 124

Omission of the gerund subject 133

Choice between gerund and infinitive 138

Shall and will 142

The pure system 144

The coloured-future system 146

The plain-future system 147

Second-person questions 149

Examples of principal sentences 149

Substantival clauses 154

Conditional clauses 158

Indefinite clauses 160

Examples of subordinate clauses 161

Perfect infinitive 163

Conditionals 165

Doubt that 167

Prepositions 170

CHAPTER Ⅲ.AIRS AND GRACES 180

Certain types of humour 180

Elegant variation 184

Inversion 189

Exclamatory 190

Balance 191

In syntactic clauses 196

Negative,and false-emphasis 199

Miscellaneous 201

Archaism 203

Occasional 203

Sustained 207

Metaphor 209

Repetition 218

Trite phrases 222

Miscellaneous 222

Irony 224

Superlatives without the 225

Cheap originality 226

CHAPTER Ⅳ.PUNCTUATION 228

General difficulties 228

General principles 233

The spot plague 235

Over-stopping 240

Under-stopping 243

Substantival clauses 244

Grammar and punctuation 244

Subject,＆c.,and verb 247

Adjectival clauses 251

Adverbial clauses 252

Parenthesis 255

Misplaced commas 257

Enumeration 258

Comma between independent sentences 263

Semicolon with subordinate members 265

Exclamations and statements 266

Exclamations and questions 268

Intemal question and exclamation marks 270

Unaccountable commas 271

The colon 271

Miscellaneous 272

Dashes 274

General abuse 274

Legitimate uses 275

Debatable questions 278

Common misuses 282

Hyphens 284

Excessive use 289

Quotation marks 289

Quotation marks(continued) 291

Order with stops 291

Single and double 296

Misplaced 297

Half quotation 298

PART Ⅱ. 300

EUPHONY,1-10 300

1.Jingles 300

2.Alliteration 301

4.Sequence of relatives 302

3.Repeated prepositions 302

5.Sequence of that,＆c. 303

6.Metrical prose 304

7.Sentence accent 305

8.Causal as clauses 307

9.Wens and hypertrophied members 309

10.Careless repetition 313

QUOTATION,ETC.,11-19 314

11.Common misquotations 314

12.Uncommon misquotations of well-known passages 314

14.Misapplied and misunderstood quotations and phrases 315

13.Misquotation of less familiar passages 315

14a.Parvum in multo 316

15.Allusion 317

16.Incorrect allusion 317

17.Dovetailed and adapted quotations and phrases 318

18.Trite quotations 320

19.Latin abbreviations,＆c. 321

GRAMMAR,20-37 322

20.Unequal yokefellows and defective double harness 322

21.Common parts 324

22.The wrong turning 326

23.Ellipsc in subordinate clauses 327

24.Some illegitimate infintives 328

25.'Split'infinitives 329

26.Compound passives 330

27.Confusion with negatives 332

28.Omission of as 334

29.Other liberties taken with as 335

30.Brachylogy 336

31.Between two stools 337

32.The impersonal one 338

33.Between...or 339

34.A placed between the adjective and its noun 340

35.Do as substitute verb 340

36.Fresh starts 341

37.Vulgarisms and colloquialisms 341

MEANING,38-48 342

38.Tautology 342

39.Redundancies 343

40.As to whether 344

41.Superfluous but and though 345

42.If and when 345

43.Maltreated idioms 346

44.Truisms and contradictions in terms 349

45.Double emphasis 351

46.'Split'auxiliaries 352

47.Overloading 354

48.Demonstrative,noun,and participle or adjective 355

AMBIGUITY,49-52 356

49.False scent 356

50.Misplacement of words 356

51.Ambiguous position 357

53.Antics 359

STYLE,53 to the end 359

52.Ambiguous enumeration 359

54.Journalese 362

55.Somewhat,＆c. 363

55.Clumsy patching 366

57.Omission of the conjunction that 367

58.Meaningless while 368

59.Commercialisms 369

60.Pet Phrases 370

61.Also as conjunction;and ？c. 371

62.Anacoluthon 371