朗文英语口语和笔语语法PDF电子书下载

SECTION A Introductory 1

1 Introduction:a corpus-based approach to English grammar 3

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Structure and use in English grammar 6

1.3 Varieties of English 15

1.4 Representation of varieties in the LSWE Corpus 24

1.5 Description of the register categories in the LSWE Corpus 29

1.6 Grammatical analysis of the LSWE Corpus 35

1.7 Quantitative findings in the grammar 38

1.8 Functional interpretation of quantitative findings 41

1.9 Overview of the grammar 44

1.10 Potential users and uses of the LGSWE 45

SECTION B Basic grammar:description and distribution 47

2 Word and phrase grammar 49

2.1 The nature of grammatical units 50

2.2 Words and their characteristics 51

2.3 Survey of lexical words 62

2.4 Survey of function words 69

2.5 Survey of inserts 93

2.6 Phrases and their characteristics 94

2.7 Types of phrase 96

2.8 Embedding of phrases 113

2.9 Coordination of phrases 113

2.10 Simple v.complex phrases 117

3 Clause grammar 119

3.1 Clause v.non-clausal material 120

3.2 Major clause elements 122

3.3 Clause links 134

3.4 Peripheral elements 136

3.5 Major clause patterns 141

3.6 Variations on clause patterns 152

3.7 Ellipsis 156

3.8 Negation 158

3.9 Subject-verb concord 180

3.10 Types of dependent clauses 192

3.11 Finite dependent clauses 193

3.12 Non-finite clauses 198

3.13 Major types of independent clauses 202

3.14 Unembedded dependent clauses 223

3.15 Non-clausal material 224

SECTION C Key word classes and their phrases 227

4 Nouns,pronouns,and the simple noun phrase 229

4.1 Overview of nominals in discourse 230

4.2 The basic structure of noun-headed phrases 240

4.3 Types of nouns 241

4.4 Determiners 258

4.5 Number 284

4.6 Case 292

4.7 Gender 311

4.8 Noun formation 318

4.9 The role of pronouns in discourse 327

4.10 Personal pronouns 328

4.11 Possessive pronouns 340

4.12 Reflexive pronouns 342

4.13 Reciprocal pronouns 346

4.14 Demonstrative pronouns 347

4.15 Indefinite pronouns 351

4.16 Other pronouns 355

5 Verbs 357

5.1 Major verb functions and classes 358

5.2 Single-word lexical verbs 360

5.3 Multi-word lexical verbs 403

5.4 Main and auxiliary functions of primary verbs 428

5.5 Copular verbs 435

6 Variation in the verb phrase:tense,aspect,voice,and modality 451

6.1 Structure and meaning distinctions in the verb phrase 452

6.2 Tense 453

6.3 Aspect 460

6.4 Active and passive voice 475

6.5 Complex combinations of aspect and voice 482

6.6 Modals and semi-modals 483

6.7 Combinations of modal verbs with marked aspect or voice 497

6.8 Sequences of modals and semi-modals 501

7 Adjectives and adverbs 503

7.1 Overview 504

7.2 Defining characteristics of adjectives 505

7.3 Semantic grouping of adjectives 508

7.4 Attributive adjectives 510

7.5 Predicative adjectives 515

7.6 Adjectives in other syntactic roles 518

7.7 Comparative and superlative degree 521

7.8 Comparative clauses and other degree complements 526

7.9 Formation of adjectives 530

7.10 Adjectives in combination 536

7.11 Overview of adverbs 538

7.12 The form of adverbs 539

7.13 Syntactic roles of adverbs 544

7.14 Semantic categories of adverbs 552

7.15 Discourse choices for degree adverbs as modifiers 564

SECTION D More complex structures 571

8 Complex noun phrases 573

8.1 Overview 574

8.2 Structural types of premodification 588

8.3 Meaning relations expressed by noun+noun sequences 589

8.4 Noun phrases with multiple premodifiers 596

8.5 Restrictive v.non-restrictive postmodifiers 602

8.6 Major structural types of postmodification 604

8.7 Postmodification by finite relative clause 608

8.8 Postmodification by non-finite clause 630

8.9 Postmodification by prepositional phrase 634

8.10 Postmodification by appositive noun phrase 638

8.11 Noun phrases with multiple postmodifiers 640

8.12 Noun complement clauses v.nominal postmodifiers 644

8.13 Structural types of noun complement clause 645

8.14 Head nouns taking noun complement clauses 648

9 The form and function of complement clauses 657

9.1 Overview 658

9.2 That-clauses 660

9.3 Wh-clauses 683

9.4 Infinitive clauses 693

9.5 Ing-clauses 739

9.6 Ellipsis and pro-form substitution in post-predicate complement clauses 751

9.7 Choice of complement clause type 753

10 Adverbials 761

10.1 Overview 762

10.2 Circumstance adverbials 776

10.3 Stance adverbials 853

10.4 Linking adverbials 875

SECTION Grammar in a wider perspective 893

11 Word order and related syntactic choices 895

11.1 Overview 896

11.2 Word order 898

11.3 The passive 935

11.4 Existential there 943

11.5 Dislocation 956

11.6 Clefting 958

11.7 Syntactic choices in conversation v.academic prose 963

12 The grammatical marking of stance 965

12.1 Overview 966

12.2 Major grammatical devices used to express stance 969

12.3 Major semantic distinctions conveyed by stance markers 972

12.4 Attribution of stance to the speaker or writer 976

12.5 Register differences in the marking of stance 978

13 Lexical expressions in speech and writing 987

13.1 Overview 988

13.2 Lexical bundles 990

13.3 Idiomatic phrases 1024

13.4 Free combinations of verb+particle 1029

13.5 Coordinated binomial phrases 1030

14 The grammar of conversation 1037

14.1 Introduction 1038

14.2 Performance phenomena:dysfluency and error 1052

14.3 The constructional principles of spoken grammar 1066

14.4 Selected topics in conversational grammar 1108

Appendix 1128

Endnotes 1133

Bibliography 1139

Lexical index 1148

Conceptual index 1174

文库索引 1205