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PARTI Foundations for Classroom Practice 3

Chapter1 Where Do I Begin? 3

A Classrom Observation, 4

Beneath the Lesson, 10

Preface by Halliday 12

王宗炎序 13

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 13

For Your Further Reading, 14

Chapter2 Teaching by Principles 15

Preface by Chomsky 16

Cognitive Principles, 16

Affective Principles, 22

沈家煊序 23

Linguistic Principles, 26

导读 26

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 31

For Your Further Reading, 32

Chapter3 Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom 33

Defining Motivation, 34

Dead Poets Society, 37

PREFACE 37

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, 38

Intrinsic Motivation in Education, 39

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 40

Intrinsic Motivation in the Second Language Classroom, 42

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 45

For Your Further Reading, 46

Chapter4 A“Methodical”History of Language Teaching 47

Approach,Method,Technique, 48

Changing Winds and Shifting Sands, 51

The Grammar Translation Method, 52

Gouin and the Series Method, 54

The Direct Method, 55

The Audiolingual Method, 56

“Designer”Methods of the Spirited Seventies, 58

Beyond Method:Notional-Functional Syllabuses, 66

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 69

For Your Further Reading, 72

Chapter5 The Present:An Informed“Approach” 73

An Approach for Enlightened Eclectics, 74

Communicative Language Teaching, 77

Untangling Some Current Jargon, 80

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 84

For Your Further Reading, 85

PART II Contexts of Teaching 89

Chapter6 Learner VariablesI:Teaching Across Age Levels 89

Teaching Children, 90

Teaching Adults, 94

Teaching in Between, 95

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research 97

For Your Further Reading, 98

Chapter7 Learner VariablesII:Teaching Across Proficiency Levels 99

Defining Proficiency Levels, 100

Teaching Beginning Levels, 101

Teaching Intermediate Levels, 111

Teaching Advanced Levels, 114

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 117

For Your Further Reading, 118

Sociopolitical Contexts, 119

Chapter8 Sociopolitical and Institutional Contexts 119

Second and Foreign Language Contexts, 120

English as an International Language, 122

Language Policy Issues, 123

Institutional Contexts, 125

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 130

For Your Further Reading, 131

PART III Designing and Implementing Classroom Techniques 135

Chapter9 Techniques and Materials 135

Techniques Redefined, 136

Categorizing Techniques:A Bit of Histiory, 137

A Taxonomy of Techniques, 141

Supporting Materials, 144

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 154

For Your Further Reading, 155

Chapter10 Interactive Language TeachingI:Initiating Interaction 157

What Is Interaction? 159

Interactive Principles, 159

Roles of the Interactive Teacher, 160

Foreign Language Interaction Analysis, 162

Questioning Strategies for Interactive Learning, 164

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 168

For Your Further Reading, 169

Chapter11 Interactive Language TeachingII:Sustaining Interaction Through Group Work 171

Advantages of Group Work, 173

Excuses for Avoiding Group Work, 175

Implementing Group Work in Your Classroom, 178

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 187

For Your Further Reading, 188

Chapter12 Learner Strategy Training 189

Strategic Investment, 190

Good and Bad Language Learners, 191

Styles of Successful Language Learning, 192

Developing Student Self-awareness of Style Tendencies, 193

How to Teach Strategies in the Classroom, 200

Packaged Models of Learner Strategy Training, 209

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 213

For Your Further Reading, 214

Chapter13 Integrating the Four Skills 217

Why Integration? 218

Content-based Teaching, 220

Theme-based Teaching, 221

Experiential Learning, 224

The Episode Hypothesis, 225

Task-based Teaching, 227

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 231

For Your Further Reading, 232

Chapter14 Teaching Listening Comprehension 233

Listening Comprehension in Pedagogical Research, 234

An Interactive Model of Listening comprehension, 235

Types of Spoken Language, 236

What Makes Listening Difficult? 238

Microskills of Listening Comprehension, 241

Types of Classroom Listening Performance, 242

Principles for Designing Listening Techniques, 244

Listening Techniques from Beginning to Advanced, 247

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 251

For Your Further Reading, 252

Chapter15 Teaching Oral Communication Skills 253

Oral Communication Skills in Pedagogical Research, 254

Types of Spoken Language, 256

What Makes Speaking Difficult? 256

Microskills of Oral Communication, 257

Teaching Pronunciation:Then and Now, 258

Factors Affecting Pronunciation Learning, 259

A Model for Correction of Speech Errors, 262

Types of Classroom Speaking Performance, 266

Principles for Designing Speaking Techniques, 268

Techniques for Teaching Oral Communication Skills, 270

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 279

For Your Further Reading, 281

Chapter16 Teaching Reading 283

Research on Reading a Second Language, 283

Types of Written Language, 286

Characteristics of Written Language, 287

Microskills for Reading Comprehension, 290

Strategies for Reading Comprehension, 291

Types of Classroom Reading Performance, 297

Principles for Designing Interactive Reading Techniques, 298

Two Reading Lessons, 301

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 316

For Your Further Reading, 317

Chapter17 Teaching Writing Skills 319

Research on Second Language Writing, 320

Types of Written Language, 325

Characteristics of Written Language:A Writer s View, 325

Types of Classroom Writing Performance, 327

Microskills for Writing, 327

Principles for Designing Writing Techniques, 330

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 344

For Your Further Reading, 345

Chapter18 The Place of Grammar and Vocabulary 347

The Place of Grammar, 347

To Teach or Not to Teach Grammar, 349

Issues About How to Teach Grammar, 351

Grammar Techniques, 354

Grammar Sequencing in Textbooks and Curricula, 364

A Word About Vocabulary Teaching, 365

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 370

For Your Further Reading, 371

Chapter19 Creating Interactive,Intrinsically Motivating Tests 373

Testing and Teaching, 375

Signs of Hope in Language Testing, 376

Intrinsically Motivating Language Tests, 382

Some Practical Steps to Test Construction, 386

Tests Can Aid Learning! 390

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 391

For Your Further Reading, 392

PART IV Classroom Practicalities 395

Chapter20 How to Plan a Lesson 395

Format of a Lesson Plan, 396

Guidelines for Lesson Planning, 398

Sample Lesson Plan, 403

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 409

For Your Further Reading, 410

Chapter21 Classroom Management 411

The Classroom Itself, 412

Your Voice and Body Language, 413

Unplanned Teaching:Midstream Lesson Changes, 414

Teaching Under Adverse Circumstances, 415

Teachers Roles and Styles, 419

Creating a Positive Classroom Climate, 421

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 422

For Your Further Reading, 424

Chapter22 Lifelong Learning:continuing Your Teacher Education 425

Peak Performers, 426

The Good Language Teacher, 428

Classroom Observation, 431

Classroom Research, 437

Agents for Change, 441

Topics for Discussion,Action,and Research, 442

For Your Further Reading, 443

BIBLIOGRAPHY 445

INDEX 461

文库索引 468